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words: 114k
articles: 4k
Table of contents
114k
4k
Philosophy of Science
Science
1k
20
Reproducibility
Philosophy of Science
197
5
Replication crisis
Reproducibility
197
4
Journals must require source code and data sets to publish
Replication crisis
90
3
Big companies manage to publish white papers in peer reviewed journals
Journals must require source code and data sets to publish
36
Papers With Code
Journals must require source code and data sets to publish
1
Paper without code
Papers With Code
Never trust an experiment that is not supported by a good theory
Philosophy of Science
79
Physics and the illusion of life
Philosophy of Science
965
7
Animation of molecular biology processes
Physics and the illusion of life
146
4
XVIVO Scientific Animation
Animation of molecular biology processes
How to make animations of molecular biology processes
Animation of molecular biology processes
6
David Goodsell
(watercolor molecular biology painter)
Animation of molecular biology processes
5
Clarafi
Animation of molecular biology processes
Alan Watts controlled dream of life talk
Physics and the illusion of life
146
Rick and Morty A Life Well Lived
Physics and the illusion of life
38
Reductionism
Philosophy of Science
13
4
First principle
Reductionism
4
2
From first principles
First principle
Empirical formula
First principle
4
Emergence
Reductionism
5
Natural science
Science
87k
3k
Physics
Natural science
47k
1k
How to teach and learn physics
Physics
86
4
Physics education needs more focus on understanding experiments and their history
How to teach and learn physics
1
There is value in tutorials written by early pioneers of the field
Physics education needs more focus on understanding experiments and their history
Doing physics means calculating a number
How to teach and learn physics
It is OK to treat things as black boxes
How to teach and learn physics
The most important physics experiments
Physics
4
Physics experiment without a decent modern video
The most important physics experiments
Aharonov-Bohm effect
The most important physics experiments
Compton scattering
(1923)
The most important physics experiments
Photoelectric effect
The most important physics experiments
System of units
Physics
922
48
Intrinsic standards
System of units
Physical constant
System of units
Unit of measurement
System of units
1
Dimension
(system of units)
Unit of measurement
List of systems of units
System of units
836
42
International System of Units
(SI)
List of systems of units
804
41
Origins of Precision by Machine Thinking (2017)
International System of Units
Versions of the international System of Units
International System of Units
1
2019 redefinition of the SI base units
Versions of the international System of Units
Unit of the International System of Units
International System of Units
79
5
Ampere
Unit of the International System of Units
1
Ampere in the 2019 redefinition of the SI base units
Ampere
Kilogram
Unit of the International System of Units
2
Avogadro project
Kilogram
Kibble balance
Kilogram
Dimension of the International System of Units
International System of Units
381
28
Luminous intensity
Dimension of the International System of Units
40
3
Candela
Luminous intensity
10
2
Lumen
(unit)
Candela
1
Candela vs lumen
Lumen
Weight
Dimension of the International System of Units
Time
Dimension of the International System of Units
316
14
Frequency
Time
6
3
Period
(physics)
Frequency
Hertz
(1857-1894)
Frequency
1
Megahertz
Hertz
Clock
Time
58
3
Quartz clock
Clock
Atomic clock
Clock
1
Caesium standard
(1967, 3.26 cm)
Atomic clock
Unit of time
Time
5
Decimal time
Unit of time
Second
(s)
Unit of time
Day
(d)
Unit of time
1
Calendar
Day
Year
(y)
Unit of time
Length
Dimension of the International System of Units
7
Meter
Length
4
Micrometer
Meter
Nanometer
Meter
Angstrom
(Ä)
Meter
Picometer
(pm)
Meter
Gauge block
Length
Light year
Length
Geiger counter
International System of Units
Natural units
International System of Units
1
Planck units
Natural units
Imperial units
System of units
Particle physics
Physics
29k
754
Electromagnetism
Particle physics
852
40
Maxwell's equations
(1861)
Electromagnetism
452
31
Faraday's law of induction
Maxwell's equations
2
Electromagnetic induction
Faraday's law of induction
1
Inductive sensor
Electromagnetic induction
Lorentz force
Maxwell's equations
Explicit scalar form of the Maxwell's equations
Maxwell's equations
1
Overdetermination of Maxwell's equations
Explicit scalar form of the Maxwell's equations
Coulomb's law
Maxwell's equations
Solutions of Maxwell's equations
Maxwell's equations
1
Maxwell's equations with pointlike particles
Solutions of Maxwell's equations
Maxwell's equations in 2D
Maxwell's equations
Existence and uniqueness of solutions to Maxwell's equations
Maxwell's equations
Electric field
(
E
)
Maxwell's equations
63
10
Electric charge
Electric field
4
Electric charge measure unit
Electric charge
1
Coulomb
(C)
Electric charge measure unit
Charge conservation
Electric charge
Electric current
Electric charge
Electric potential
(
ϕ
)
Electric field
12
4
Volt
(V)
Electric potential
3
Voltmeter
Volt
Voltage
Volt
Electronvolt
Volt
Hall effect
Maxwell's equations
3
Hall resistance
(
R
x
y
,
R
H
)
Hall effect
Charge carrier density
(
n
)
Hall effect
Hall effect sensor
Hall effect
Electromagnetic four-potential
Maxwell's equations
17
4
Electromagnetic tensor
(
F
μ
ν
)
Electromagnetic four-potential
Four-current
Electromagnetic four-potential
Lorentz gauge condition
Electromagnetic four-potential
1
Coulomb gauge
Lorentz gauge condition
Magnetism
Electromagnetism
7
Magnetic field
(
B
)
Magnetism
2
Magnetic B and H field
Magnetic field
Tesla
(unit, T)
Magnetic field
Magnetic moment
Magnetism
Magnetometer
Magnetism
Magnetic flux
Magnetism
Magnetic vector potential
(
A
)
Magnetism
Relativity
Particle physics
3k
60
Special relativity
Relativity
2k
49
Invariance of the speed of light
Special relativity
History of special relativity
Special relativity
4
Luminiferous aether
History of special relativity
1
Aether theory
Luminiferous aether
Aether drag hypothesis
History of special relativity
1
Lorentz ether theory
Aether drag hypothesis
Special relativity experiment
Special relativity
29
5
Aberration
(astronomy)
Special relativity experiment
Fizeau experiment
Special relativity experiment
Michelson-Morley experiment
(1987)
Special relativity experiment
1
On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether
(1987)
Michelson-Morley experiment
Hafele-Keating experiment
(Special relativity atomic clock on planes experiment)
Special relativity experiment
Einstein synchronization
Special relativity
2
Frame of reference
Einstein synchronization
1
Inertial frame of reference
Frame of reference
Lorentz transformation
Special relativity
207
9
Lorentz covariance
Lorentz transformation
1
Lorentz invariant
Lorentz covariance
Lorentz transform consequence: everyone sees the same speed of light
Lorentz transformation
Length contraction
Lorentz transformation
1
Terrell rotation
Length contraction
Time dilation
Lorentz transformation
2
Transversal time dilation
Time dilation
Transverse Doppler effect
Time dilation
Twin paradox
Lorentz transformation
Maxwell's equations require special relativity
Special relativity
82
6
Deriving magnetism from electricity and relativity
Maxwell's equations require special relativity
Moving magnet and conductor problem
Maxwell's equations require special relativity
Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism
Maxwell's equations require special relativity
3
Maxwell's equations are Lorentz invariant
Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism
Maxwell's equations imply that the speed of light is the same for all inertial reference frames
Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism
Maxwell Lagrangian
Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism
Spacetime
Special relativity
367
9
Four-vector
Spacetime
Four-gradient
Spacetime
Minkowski space
Spacetime
121
2
Minkowski inner product
Minkowski space
1
Minkowski inner product matrix
(
η
μ
ν
)
Minkowski inner product
Spacetime diagram
Spacetime
59
3
Light cone
Spacetime diagram
2
Timelike-separated event
Light cone
Spacelike-separated event
Light cone
Relativistic mechanics
Special relativity
73
6
Four-momentum
Relativistic mechanics
5
Relativistic energy
Four-momentum
2
Energy-momentum relation
Relativistic energy
Mass-energy equivalence
(
E
=
m
c
2
)
Relativistic energy
Spacetime interval
Four-momentum
1
Proper time
Spacetime interval
General relativity
Relativity
19
9
Tests of general relativity
General relativity
1
Perihelion precession of Mercury
(observed 1859, explained 1915)
Tests of general relativity
Why gravity is not a force?
General relativity
Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime
General relativity
Gravity
General relativity
4
Gravitational constant
Gravity
2
Experiments that measure the gravitational constant
Gravitational constant
1
Cavendish experiment
Experiments that measure the gravitational constant
Graviton
Gravity
Standard Model
Particle physics
4k
166
Theory of everything
(TOE)
Standard Model
5
Grand Unified Theory
(GUT)
Theory of everything
The standard model and general relativity are incompatible
Theory of everything
Fundamental interaction
Theory of everything
Quantum gravity
Theory of everything
1
String theory
Quantum gravity
Subatomic particle
Standard Model
4k
156
Elementary particle
Subatomic particle
3k
144
Are there more than 3 generations of particles in the Standard Model?
Elementary particle
Defining properties of elementary particles
Elementary particle
Photon
Elementary particle
3k
127
Light
Photon
1k
71
Wave-particle duality
Light
9
Corpuscular theory of light
Wave-particle duality
1
Newton supported the corpuscular theory of light
Corpuscular theory of light
Wave theory of light
Wave-particle duality
3
Diffraction of light
Wave theory of light
2
Young's interference experiment
(1803)
Diffraction of light
Arago spot
(1818)
Diffraction of light
Electromagnetic radiation
Wave-particle duality
2
History of the electromagnetic theory of light
Electromagnetic radiation
1
Faraday effect
(1845, Faraday rotation)
History of the electromagnetic theory of light
Light source
Light
8
Light source characteristic
Light source
2
Spectral coherence
Light source characteristic
Spacial coherence
Light source characteristic
Lamp
Light source
4
Incandescent light bulb
Lamp
Gas-discharge lamp
Lamp
2
Fluorescent lamp
Gas-discharge lamp
Neon lamp
Gas-discharge lamp
Optical fiber
Light
416
19
Fiber optic equipment
Optical fiber
20
4
Fiber optic cable
Fiber optic equipment
Optical amplifier
Fiber optic equipment
12
2
Fiber optical amplifier
Optical amplifier
1
Erbium-doped fiber amplifier
Fiber optical amplifier
Fiber-optic communication
Optical fiber
6
5
Small Form-factor Pluggable
(SFP)
Fiber-optic communication
Fiber optics cables often come in pairs because it is needed for duplex
Fiber-optic communication
Single-mode and multi-mode optical fiber
Fiber-optic communication
2
Single-mode optical fiber
(SMF)
Single-mode and multi-mode optical fiber
Multi-mode optical fiber
(MMF)
Single-mode and multi-mode optical fiber
History of fiber optics
Optical fiber
27
2
Optical fiber engineer
History of fiber optics
1
Charles K. Kao
Optical fiber engineer
Optical fiber bibliography
Optical fiber
1
City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics
(1999)
Optical fiber bibliography
Optical fiber equipment
Optical fiber
2
Fiberscope
Optical fiber equipment
Fiber optic coupling
Optical fiber equipment
Photometer
Light
1
Spectophotometry
Photometer
Spectroscopy
Light
Speed of light
Light
21
7
Speed of light experiment
Speed of light
1
Fizeau's determination of the speed of light with a rotating cogwheel
(1848)
Speed of light experiment
Emission theory
(vision)
Speed of light
Faster-than-light
(FTL)
Speed of light
3
Faster-than-light implies time travel
Faster-than-light
Tachyon
Faster-than-light
Tachyonic antitelephone
Faster-than-light
Electromagnetic spectrum
Light
541
20
Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation
Electromagnetic spectrum
2
Ionizing radiation
Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation
Non-ionizing radiation
Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation
Very low frequency
(VLF, 100 to 10 km, 3 kHz - 30 kHh)
Electromagnetic spectrum
Radio wave
(1 m or more, 300 GHz or less)
Electromagnetic spectrum
169
9
Microwave
(1 mm - 1 m, 300 MHz - 300 GHz)
Radio wave
99
8
Ultra High Frequency
(10 mm - 1 m, 300 MHz - 3 GHz)
Microwave
Microwave source
Microwave
2
Klystron
(1937)
Microwave source
Cavity magnetron
(1940)
Microwave source
Microwave transmission
Microwave
2
Microwave transmission for trading
Microwave transmission
Microwave vs radio wave transmission
Microwave transmission
Microwave oven
Microwave
Infrared
(680 nm - 1 m)
Electromagnetic spectrum
Visible spectrum
(420-680 nm, 400-700 THz)
Electromagnetic spectrum
Ultraviolet
(10 nm - 400 nm)
Electromagnetic spectrum
X-ray
(10 pm - 10 nm)
Electromagnetic spectrum
110
2
X-ray source
X-ray
1
X-ray tube
X-ray source
Photon spin
Photon
Radiation pressure
Photon
2
Nichols radiometer
Radiation pressure
Solar sail
Radiation pressure
Single photon production and detection experiments
Photon
53
5
Spontaneous parametric down-conversion
(SPDC)
Single photon production and detection experiments
Two photon interference experiment
Single photon production and detection experiments
Photomultiplier
Single photon production and detection experiments
2
Photomultiplier tube
Photomultiplier
Silicon photomultiplier
Photomultiplier
Squeezed state of light
Photon
Optics
Photon
1k
43
Optoelectronics
Optics
Optical component
Optics
249
11
Beam splitter
Optical component
Half-silvered mirror
Optical component
Collimator
Optical component
34
2
Collimated beam
Collimator
1
Parallel light
Collimated beam
Diffraction grating
Optical component
Diaphragm
(optics)
Optical component
Lens
Optical component
23
2
Biconvex spherical lens
Lens
1
Focal length
(f)
Biconvex spherical lens
Photodetector
Optical component
Camera obscura
Optics
Optical cavity
Optics
Optics vendor
Optics
15
2
Carl Zeiss AG
Optics vendor
1
Carl Zeiss SMT
Carl Zeiss AG
Point light source
Optics
Photonics
Optics
463
23
Silicon photonics
Photonics
12
4
Optical computer
Silicon photonics
3
Celestial AI
(2020)
Optical computer
Lightmatter
(2017)
Optical computer
Lumai
Optical computer
Photon polarization
Photonics
149
8
Polarization of light
Photon polarization
Polarizer
Photon polarization
6
Fresnel equations
Polarizer
1
Brewster's angle
Fresnel equations
History of polarization
Polarizer
Malus' Law
Polarizer
1
Étienne-Louis Malus
(1775-1812)
Malus' Law
Three polarizers 45 degrees apart
Polarizer
Poincaré sphere
Photonics
Photonics equipment
Photonics
107
7
Acousto-optic modulator
Photonics equipment
Interferometer
Photonics equipment
2
Fabry-Pérot interferometer
Interferometer
Mach-Zehnder interferometer
(MZI, 1891)
Interferometer
Optical fibre
Photonics equipment
Optical table
Photonics equipment
Optical ring resonator
Photonics equipment
Higgs boson
Elementary particle
2
Goldstone's theorem
Higgs boson
Higgs mechanism
Higgs boson
Lepton
Elementary particle
220
10
Electron
Lepton
164
5
Elementary charge
(
1
.
6
0
2
1
7
6
6
3
×
1
0
−
1
9
C
)
Electron
2
Why do the electron and the proton have the same charge except for the opposite signs?
Elementary charge
Oil drop experiment
Elementary charge
Electron rest mass
Electron
Positron
(1932)
Electron
Muon
(1936)
Lepton
Neutrino
Lepton
2
Neutrino emission on Earth
Neutrino
Cowan-Reines neutrino experiment
(1956)
Neutrino
Composite particle
Subatomic particle
201
9
Hadron
Composite particle
149
8
Baryon
Hadron
1
Baryon vs meson vs lepton
Baryon
Neutron
Hadron
Proton
Hadron
1
Proton-to-electron mass ratio
Proton
Meson
Hadron
2
Pion
(1947)
Meson
Kaon
Meson
Eightfold way
(physics)
Subatomic particle
Parameters of the Standard Model
Standard Model
Standard Model Lagrangian
Standard Model
Why do symmetries such as SU(3), SU(2) and U(1) matter in particle physics?
Standard Model
Applications of particle physics
Particle physics
Quantum mechanics
Particle physics
16k
346
Quantum mechanics experiment
Quantum mechanics
1k
34
Emission spectrum
Quantum mechanics experiment
950
20
Spectral line
Emission spectrum
602
19
NIST Atomic Spectra Database
Spectral line
Forbidden mechanism
Spectral line
46
3
Selection rule
Forbidden mechanism
2
Metastable electron
Selection rule
1
Triplet state
Metastable electron
Rydberg atom
Spectral line
Hydrogen emission spectrum
Spectral line
40
6
Gross hydrogen emission spectrum
Hydrogen emission spectrum
1
Hydrogen 1-2 spectral line
(121.6 nm, 10.2e V)
Gross hydrogen emission spectrum
Rydberg formula
(1888)
Hydrogen emission spectrum
1
Balmer series
(1885)
Rydberg formula
Hydrogen spectral series
Hydrogen emission spectrum
1
Pickering series
(1896)
Hydrogen spectral series
Fine structure
Spectral line
25
3
Fine structure constant
(
α
)
Fine structure
Hyperfine structure
Fine structure
1
Hydrogen line
Hyperfine structure
Zeeman effect
Spectral line
1
Anomalous Zeeman effect
Zeeman effect
Double-slit experiment
Quantum mechanics experiment
110
3
Single particle double slit experiment
Double-slit experiment
1
Single electron double slit experiment
Single particle double slit experiment
Are particles bounced by the first wall in the double slit experiment?
Double-slit experiment
Franck-Hertz experiment
Quantum mechanics experiment
Quantum Hall effect
(theorized 1975, observed 1978)
Quantum mechanics experiment
6
Integer quantum Hall effect
Quantum Hall effect
Fractional quantum Hall effect
Quantum Hall effect
3
Fractional quantum Hall effect for
ν
=
1
/
m
Fractional quantum Hall effect
Fractional quantum Hall effect for
ν
=
1
/
m
Fractional quantum Hall effect
1
Fractional quantum Hall effect 5/2
Fractional quantum Hall effect for
ν
=
1
/
m
Spin Hall effect
Quantum Hall effect
Macroscopic quantum phenomena
Quantum mechanics experiment
History of quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics
2
Timeline of quantum mechanics
History of quantum mechanics
Old quantum theory
History of quantum mechanics
History of quantum mechanics bibliography
Quantum mechanics
2
The Quantum Story by Jim Baggott (2011)
History of quantum mechanics bibliography
The Old Quantum Theory by Dirk ter Haar (1967)
History of quantum mechanics bibliography
Quantum mechanics bibliography
Quantum mechanics
7
Introductory Quantum Mechanics by Richard Fitzpatrick (2020)
Quantum mechanics bibliography
The Principles of Quantum Mechanics by Paul Dirac (1930)
Quantum mechanics bibliography
1
The Principles of Quantum Mechanics by Paul Dirac revised fourth edition (1967)
The Principles of Quantum Mechanics by Paul Dirac (1930)
MIT 8.06 Quantum Physics III, Spring 2018 by Barton Zwiebach
Quantum mechanics bibliography
Applications of Quantum Mechanics by David Tong (2017)
Quantum mechanics bibliography
Quantum Mechanics for Engineers by Leon van Dommelen (2011)
Quantum mechanics bibliography
Quantum physics by Jim Branson (2003)
Quantum mechanics bibliography
Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics
126
14
Schrödinger picture
Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics
29
7
Schrödinger picture example: quantum harmonic oscillator
Schrödinger picture
Wave function collapse
Schrödinger picture
29
5
Interpretations of quantum mechanics
Wave function collapse
4
Categorical quantum mechanics
Interpretations of quantum mechanics
EPR paradox
Interpretations of quantum mechanics
Many-worlds interpretation
Interpretations of quantum mechanics
1
Universal wavefunction
Many-worlds interpretation
Born rule
Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics
Bra-ket notation
Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics
Dirac-von Neumann axioms
Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics
Linearity of quantum mechanics
Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics
Observable
Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics
Phase-space formulation
Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics
Non-relativistic quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics
5k
98
Schrödinger equation
Non-relativistic quantum mechanics
4k
92
Time-independent Schrödinger equation
Schrödinger equation
1
Solving the Schrodinger equation with the time-independent Schrödinger equation
Time-independent Schrödinger equation
Derivation of the Schrodinger equation
Schrödinger equation
1
Why are complex numbers used in the Schrodinger equation?
Derivation of the Schrodinger equation
Schrodinger equation Hamiltonian
Schrödinger equation
The Schrodinger equation Hamiltonian has to be Hermitian
Schrödinger equation
Solutions of the Schrodinger equation
Schrödinger equation
3k
64
Schrödinger equation simulations
Solutions of the Schrodinger equation
1
Why it is hard to simulate quantum systems?
Schrödinger equation simulations
Schrödinger equation for a one dimensional particle
Solutions of the Schrodinger equation
Schrödinger equation for a free one dimensional particle
Solutions of the Schrodinger equation
2
Plane wave function
Schrödinger equation for a free one dimensional particle
Time-independent Schrödinger equation for a free one dimensional particle
Schrödinger equation for a free one dimensional particle
Particle in a box
Solutions of the Schrodinger equation
Quantum harmonic oscillator
Solutions of the Schrodinger equation
5
4
Quantum LC circuit
Quantum harmonic oscillator
Hermite polynomials
Quantum harmonic oscillator
1
Hermite functions
Hermite polynomials
Ladder operator
Quantum harmonic oscillator
Quantum tunnelling
Solutions of the Schrodinger equation
Schrödinger equation solution for the hydrogen atom
Solutions of the Schrodinger equation
285
11
Atomic orbital
Schrödinger equation solution for the hydrogen atom
Quantum number
Schrödinger equation solution for the hydrogen atom
49
9
Principal quantum number
(n)
Quantum number
Azimuthal quantum number
(l)
Quantum number
4
s-orbital
Azimuthal quantum number
p-orbital
Azimuthal quantum number
d-orbital
Azimuthal quantum number
f-orbital
Azimuthal quantum number
Magnetic quantum number
(
m
l
)
Quantum number
Spin quantum number
(
m
s
)
Quantum number
1
Spectroscopic notation
Spin quantum number
Solutions for the Schrodinger equation with multiple particles
Solutions of the Schrodinger equation
884
35
Separable state
Solutions for the Schrodinger equation with multiple particles
Solutions of the Schrodinger equation for two electrons
Solutions for the Schrodinger equation with multiple particles
Orbital approximation
Solutions for the Schrodinger equation with multiple particles
Schrödinger equation solution for the helium atom
Solutions for the Schrodinger equation with multiple particles
Hartree-Fock method
Solutions for the Schrodinger equation with multiple particles
650
12
Hartree-Fock method for the helium atom
Hartree-Fock method
Why do multiple electrons occupy the same orbital if electrons repel each other?
Hartree-Fock method
Aufbau principle
Hartree-Fock method
155
9
Electron configuration
Aufbau principle
Electron configuration notation
(
1
s
2
2
s
2
2
p
6
, 1s2 2s2 2p6)
Aufbau principle
Why does 2s have less energy than 1s if they have the same principal quantum number?
Aufbau principle
Madelung energy ordering rule
Aufbau principle
1
Exception to the Madelung energy ordering rule
Madelung energy ordering rule
Term symbol
(
2
S
1
/
2
,
2
P
1
/
2
,
2
P
3
/
2
)
Aufbau principle
18
3
Hund's rules
(1927)
Term symbol
2
Hund's first rule
Hund's rules
Hund's second rule
Hund's rules
Term symbols for carbon ground state
Solutions for the Schrodinger equation with multiple particles
Schrödinger equation solution for molecule
Solutions for the Schrodinger equation with multiple particles
112
16
Schrödinger equation solution for the hydrogen molecule
Schrödinger equation solution for molecule
Chemical bond
Schrödinger equation solution for molecule
112
14
Molecule
Chemical bond
87
6
Ball-and-stick model
Molecule
Isomer
Molecule
4
Cis-trans isomerism
Isomer
Enantiomer
Isomer
Polymorphism
(materials science)
Isomer
Stereochemistry
Isomer
Covalent bond
Chemical bond
4
Sigma bond
Covalent bond
Pi bond
Covalent bond
2
Double bond
Pi bond
Triple bond
Pi bond
Ionic bond
Chemical bond
Octet rule
Chemical bond
Two-state quantum system
Solutions of the Schrodinger equation
2
Bloch sphere
Two-state quantum system
Pauli matrix
Two-state quantum system
Born-Oppenheimer approximation
Schrödinger equation
Uncertainty principle
Schrödinger equation
174
10
Position and momentum space
Uncertainty principle
4
Position representation
Position and momentum space
Position operator
Position and momentum space
Momentum operator
Position and momentum space
Squeezed coherent state
Position and momentum space
Energy operator
Uncertainty principle
1
Time-energy uncertainty principle
Energy operator
Angular momentum operator
Uncertainty principle
1
Total angular momentum operator
Angular momentum operator
Complementarity
(physics)
Uncertainty principle
Conservation laws in Schrodinger equations
Schrödinger equation
2
Conservation of the square amplitude in the Schrodinger equation
Conservation laws in Schrodinger equations
1
Probability current
Conservation of the square amplitude in the Schrodinger equation
Wave function
(
ψ
)
Schrödinger equation
77
5
Matter wave
(1923)
Wave function
3
4
Electron diffraction experiment
Matter wave
2
Diffraction of Cathode Rays by a Thin Film by Thomson and Reid (1927)
Electron diffraction experiment
Davisson-Germer experiment
(1927, Electron diffraction pattern)
Electron diffraction experiment
de Broglie relations
Matter wave
Equivalent alternatives to the Schrodinger equation
Non-relativistic quantum mechanics
35
4
Matrix mechanics
(1925)
Equivalent alternatives to the Schrodinger equation
2
Quantum mechanical re-interpretation of kinematic and mechanical relations by Heisenberg (1925)
(Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen)
Matrix mechanics
Heisenberg picture
Matrix mechanics
De Broglie-Bohm theory
Equivalent alternatives to the Schrodinger equation
Planck-Einstein relation
Quantum mechanics
11
2
Planck constant
(
h
, 6.62E-34)
Planck-Einstein relation
1
Reduced Planck constant
(
ℏ
,
h
/
2
π
)
Planck constant
Relativistic quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics
7k
170
The Schrödinger equation is not relativistic
Relativistic quantum mechanics
Dirac equation
Relativistic quantum mechanics
864
54
Absorption, spontaneous and stimulated emission
Dirac equation
59
7
Spontaneous emission
Absorption, spontaneous and stimulated emission
1
Spontaneous emission defies causality
Spontaneous emission
Photon absorption
Absorption, spontaneous and stimulated emission
Stimulated emission
Absorption, spontaneous and stimulated emission
2
History of stimulated emission
Stimulated emission
1
On the Quantum Theory of Radiation
History of stimulated emission
Einstein coefficients
Absorption, spontaneous and stimulated emission
The Dirac equation predicts spin
Dirac equation
Antimatter
Dirac equation
Particle creation and annihilation
Dirac equation
3
Particle decay
Particle creation and annihilation
1
Pair production
Particle decay
Relativistic particle in a box thought experiment
Particle creation and annihilation
The Dirac equation is consistent with special relativity
Dirac equation
Derivation of the Dirac equation
Dirac equation
Pauli equation
Dirac equation
Klein-Gordon equation
Dirac equation
1
Derivation of the Klein-Gordon equation
Klein-Gordon equation
Solutions of the Dirac equation
Dirac equation
1
Dirac equation solution for the hydrogen atom
Solutions of the Dirac equation
Spin
(physics)
Dirac equation
310
28
Spin experiments
Spin
88
9
Stern-Gerlach experiment
(1921)
Spin experiments
3
The Stern-Gerlach experiment needs an inhomogenous magnetic field
Stern-Gerlach experiment
Stern-Gerlach experiment paper
Stern-Gerlach experiment
1
The experimental proof of directional quantization in the magnetic field
(1922)
Stern-Gerlach experiment paper
Spintronics
Spin experiments
4
Spin valve
Spintronics
Tunnel magnetoresistance
Spintronics
Giant magnetoresistance
(1988)
Spintronics
Spin-transfer torque
(1996)
Spintronics
Spin number of a field
Spin
6
Spin 0
Spin number of a field
Spin half
Spin number of a field
Spin 1
Spin number of a field
1
Proca equation
Spin 1
Spin 2
Spin number of a field
Why is the spin of the electron half?
Spin number of a field
Pauli exclusion principle
Spin
63
10
Slater determinant
Pauli exclusion principle
Fermions, bosons and anyons
Pauli exclusion principle
39
6
Fermion
Fermions, bosons and anyons
Boson
Fermions, bosons and anyons
Anyon
(experimental: 2020, 2D only)
Fermions, bosons and anyons
39
3
Abelian an non abelian anyons
Anyon
2
Abelian anyon
Abelian an non abelian anyons
Non Abelian anyon
Abelian an non abelian anyons
Spin-statistics theorem
Pauli exclusion principle
Electron degeneracy pressure
Pauli exclusion principle
Dirac Lagrangian
Dirac equation
3
Dirac adjoint
Dirac Lagrangian
Gamma matrices
Dirac Lagrangian
Feynman slash notation
Dirac Lagrangian
Quantum field theory
Relativistic quantum mechanics
4k
113
Quantum field
Quantum field theory
Mathematical formulation of quantum field theory
Quantum field theory
391
19
Gauge theory
Mathematical formulation of quantum field theory
3
Lattice gauge theory
Gauge theory
Gauge field
Gauge theory
Gauge symmetry
Gauge theory
Fock space
Mathematical formulation of quantum field theory
Second quantization
Mathematical formulation of quantum field theory
1
Canonical quantization
Second quantization
Path integral formulation
Mathematical formulation of quantum field theory
3
Quantum particles take all possible paths
Path integral formulation
Propagator
Path integral formulation
Infinitely many slits thought experiment
Path integral formulation
Renormalization
Mathematical formulation of quantum field theory
225
7
Mass renormalization
Renormalization
Renormalization group
Renormalization
Cutoff energy
Renormalization
Effective field theory
Renormalization
Yang-Mills theory
Renormalization
2
Yang-Mills existence and mass gap
Yang-Mills theory
1
Wightman axioms
Yang-Mills existence and mass gap
Quantum electrodynamics
Quantum field theory
2k
31
Quantum electrodynamics experiment
Quantum electrodynamics
279
7
Lamb shift
(1947)
Quantum electrodynamics experiment
1
Lamb-Retherford experiment
(1947, Lamb shift experiment)
Lamb shift
Electron magnetic moment
Quantum electrodynamics experiment
80
3
Anomalous magnetic dipole moment
Electron magnetic moment
10
2
Anomalous magnetic dipole moment of the electron
Anomalous magnetic dipole moment
1
The Magnetic Moment of the Electron by Kusch and Foley (1948)
Anomalous magnetic dipole moment of the electron
Dirac equation vs quantum electrodynamics
Quantum electrodynamics experiment
Applications of quantum electrodynamics
Quantum electrodynamics
Quantum electrodynamics Lagrangian
Quantum electrodynamics
1
Derivation of the quantum electrodynamics Lagrangian
Quantum electrodynamics Lagrangian
What does it mean that photons are force carriers for electromagnetism?
Quantum electrodynamics
Photon field
Quantum electrodynamics
Schwinger effect
Quantum electrodynamics
Feynman diagram
Quantum electrodynamics
2
Feynman diagram solver
Feynman diagram
Does the exact position of vertices matter in Feynman diagrams?
Feynman diagram
Wheeler-Feynman absorber theory
Quantum electrodynamics
Cavity quantum electrodynamics
Quantum electrodynamics
1
Circuit quantum electrodynamics
Cavity quantum electrodynamics
Positrons are electrons travelling back in time
Quantum electrodynamics
Quantum electrodynamics bibliography
Quantum electrodynamics
176
9
Quantum Theory of Radiation by Fermi (1932)
Quantum electrodynamics bibliography
Advanced quantum mechanics by Freeman Dyson (1951)
Quantum electrodynamics bibliography
Selected Papers on Quantum Electrodynamics by Julian Schwinger (1958)
Quantum electrodynamics bibliography
Richard Feynman Quantum Electrodynamics Lecture at University of Auckland (1979)
Quantum electrodynamics bibliography
1
Quantum Mechanical View of Reality by Richard Feynman (1983)
Richard Feynman Quantum Electrodynamics Lecture at University of Auckland (1979)
Quantum electrodynamics by Lifshitz et al. 2nd edition (1982)
Quantum electrodynamics bibliography
Physics 253a by Sidney Coleman (1986)
Quantum electrodynamics bibliography
QED and the men who made it: Dyson, Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga by Silvan Schweber (1994)
Quantum electrodynamics bibliography
Advanced quantum mechanics II by Douglas Gingrich (2004)
Quantum electrodynamics bibliography
Weak interaction
Quantum field theory
9
Electroweak interaction
Weak interaction
Parity violation
Weak interaction
4
Wu experiment
(1956)
Parity violation
CP Violation
Parity violation
2
CPT symmetry
CP Violation
Strong CP problem
CP Violation
Weak charge
Weak interaction
W boson
Weak interaction
Z boson
Weak interaction
Quantum chromodynamics
(QCD)
Quantum field theory
11
Quark
Quantum chromodynamics
3
Down quark
Quark
Up quark
Quark
1
Why do the up ad down quarks have different masses?
Up quark
Strange quark
Quantum chromodynamics
Gluon
Quantum chromodynamics
1
Glueball
Gluon
Proton decay
Quantum chromodynamics
Strong interaction
Quantum chromodynamics
Color charge
Quantum chromodynamics
Color confinement
Quantum chromodynamics
Quantum field theory simulations
Quantum field theory
1
Nielsen-Ninomiya theorem
Quantum field theory simulations
Infinities in quantum field theory
Quantum field theory
1
Mathematical consistency of quantum field theory
Infinities in quantum field theory
Internal and spacetime symmetries
Quantum field theory
2
Internal symmetry
Internal and spacetime symmetries
Spacetime symmetry
Internal and spacetime symmetries
Quantum field theory bibliography
Quantum field theory
968
30
Quantum field theory lecture notes
Quantum field theory bibliography
3
An Introduction to QED and QCD by Jeff Forshaw (1997)
Quantum field theory lecture notes
Quantum Field Theory lecture notes by David Tong (2007)
Quantum field theory lecture notes
Quantum Field Theory book by Mark Srednicki (2006)
Quantum field theory lecture notes
Quantum field theory lectures
Quantum field theory bibliography
463
17
Relativistic Quantum Mechanics by Apoorva D Patel (2014)
Quantum field theory lectures
New Revolutions in Particle Physics by Leonard Susskind (2009)
Quantum field theory lectures
David Tong's 2009 Quantum Field Theory lectures at the Perimeter Institute
Quantum field theory lectures
1
Lecture 1
David Tong's 2009 Quantum Field Theory lectures at the Perimeter Institute
Quantum field theory courses by Tobias Osborne
Quantum field theory lectures
400
12
Quantum field theory lecture by Tobias Osborne (2017)
Quantum field theory courses by Tobias Osborne
9
Lecture 1
Quantum field theory lecture by Tobias Osborne (2017)
Lecture 2
Quantum field theory lecture by Tobias Osborne (2017)
Lecture 3
Quantum field theory lecture by Tobias Osborne (2017)
Lecture 4
Quantum field theory lecture by Tobias Osborne (2017)
Lecture 5
Quantum field theory lecture by Tobias Osborne (2017)
Lecture 8
Quantum field theory lecture by Tobias Osborne (2017)
Lecture 9
Quantum field theory lecture by Tobias Osborne (2017)
Lecture 14
Quantum field theory lecture by Tobias Osborne (2017)
Lecture 15
Quantum field theory lecture by Tobias Osborne (2017)
Advanced quantum field theory lecture by Tobias Osborne (2017)
Quantum field theory courses by Tobias Osborne
1
Lecture 2
Advanced quantum field theory lecture by Tobias Osborne (2017)
Quantum field theory book
Quantum field theory bibliography
7
No-Nonsense Quantum Field Theory by Jakob Schwichtenberg (2020)
Quantum field theory book
Quantum Field Theory for The Gifted Amateur by Tom Lancaster (2015)
Quantum field theory book
Student Friendly Quantum Field Theory by Robert D Klauber (2013)
Quantum field theory book
Quantum field theory in a nutshell by Anthony Zee (2010)
Quantum field theory book
Problem Book in Quantum Field Theory by Voja Radovanovic (2008)
Quantum field theory book
Quantum Field Theory Demystified by David McMahon (2008)
Quantum field theory book
An Introduction To Quantum Field Theory by Peskin and Schroeder (1995)
Quantum field theory book
Quantization
(physics)
Quantum mechanics
1
Quantization of a real scalar field
Quantization
Quantum superposition
Quantum mechanics
Quantum entanglement
Quantum mechanics
25
4
Bell's theorem
Quantum entanglement
3
Bell test experiment
Bell's theorem
1
Loopholes in Bell test experiments
Bell test experiment
Local hidden-variable theory
Bell's theorem
No-go theorem
Quantum mechanics
Experimental particle physics
Particle physics
41
15
Cross section
(physics)
Experimental particle physics
1
Barn
(unit)
Cross section
Particle detector
Experimental particle physics
2
Cloud chamber
Particle detector
Bubble chamber
Particle detector
Particle accelerator
Experimental particle physics
6
9
Particle accelerator facility
Particle accelerator
4
CERN
Particle accelerator facility
2
CERN experiment
CERN
1
Large Hadron Collider
(LHC)
CERN experiment
Superconducting Super Collider
Particle accelerator facility
Synchrotron
Particle accelerator
3
Cyclotron
Synchrotron
2
Landau quantization
Cyclotron
1
Landau level
Landau quantization
Nuclear physics
Particle physics
3k
103
History of nuclear physics
Nuclear physics
Nuclear binding energy
Nuclear physics
1
Semi-empirical mass formula
Nuclear binding energy
Atomic nucleus
Nuclear physics
2
Nucleon
Atomic nucleus
Nuclear force
Atomic nucleus
Nuclear reaction
Nuclear physics
620
28
Nuclear fission
Nuclear reaction
111
9
Neutron temperature
Nuclear fission
4
Fast neutron
Neutron temperature
Thermal neutron
Neutron temperature
1
Neutron moderation
Thermal neutron
Slow neutron
Neutron temperature
Fissile material
Nuclear fission
Nuclear chain reaction
Nuclear fission
26
2
Nuclear reactor
Nuclear chain reaction
1
Breeder reactor
Nuclear reactor
Neutron capture
Nuclear reaction
1
Neutron cross section
Neutron capture
Radioactive decay
Nuclear reaction
402
15
Type of radioactive decay
Radioactive decay
48
11
Alpha decay
Type of radioactive decay
23
5
Cluster decay
Alpha decay
Spontaneous fission
Alpha decay
Alpha particle
Alpha decay
2
Alpha particles have low penetration depth
Alpha particle
Geiger-Nuttall law
Alpha particle
Beta decay
Type of radioactive decay
Gamma ray
Type of radioactive decay
16
3
Nuclear isomer
Gamma ray
Gamma spectroscopy
Gamma ray
1
Do all gamma rays have the same energy during a given nuclear reaction?
Gamma spectroscopy
Decay chain
Radioactive decay
Decay scheme
Radioactive decay
Half-life
Radioactive decay
Isotope
Nuclear physics
28
3
Isotope separation
Isotope
2
Gaseous diffusion
Isotope separation
Gas centrifuge
Isotope separation
Nuclear magnetic moment
Nuclear physics
267
7
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Nuclear magnetic moment
6
Larmor precession
Nuclear magnetic resonance
1
Larmor frequency
Larmor precession
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Magnetic resonance imaging
Nuclear magnetic resonance
NMR vendor
Nuclear magnetic resonance
1
Bruker Corporation
NMR vendor
Nuclear weapon
Nuclear physics
1k
55
Fission weapon
Nuclear weapon
99
7
Fission weapon by geometry
Fission weapon
55
4
Gun-type fission weapon
Fission weapon by geometry
1
Gun-type fission weapons don't work with plutonium
Gun-type fission weapon
Implosion-type fission weapon
Fission weapon by geometry
1
RaLa Experiment
Implosion-type fission weapon
Boosted fission weapon
Fission weapon
Pit
(nuclear weapon)
Fission weapon
Thermonuclear weapon
Nuclear weapon
1
Mark 17 nuclear bomb
(1954-1957)
Thermonuclear weapon
Low-background steel
Nuclear weapon
Nuclear weapon design
Nuclear weapon
1
Physics package
(nuclear weapon)
Nuclear weapon design
Fizzle
(nuclear explosion)
Nuclear weapon
Weapons-grade nuclear material
Nuclear weapon
Nuclear site
Nuclear weapon
Nuclear weapons testing
Nuclear weapon
3
Nuclear weapon test
Nuclear weapons testing
Nuclear weapon detonation
Nuclear weapons testing
1
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
(1945-08-06 and 1945-08-09)
Nuclear weapon detonation
Nuclear weapons program
Nuclear weapon
898
18
American nuclear weapons program
Nuclear weapons program
468
12
American plutonium production
American nuclear weapons program
American nuclear weapon facility
American nuclear weapons program
68
4
Hanford site
American nuclear weapon facility
1
B Reactor
(1944)
Hanford site
Savannah River site
American nuclear weapon facility
Pantex
(Nuclear weapon assembly and disassembly)
American nuclear weapon facility
Nuclear football
American nuclear weapons program
Manhattan Project
(1942-1946)
American nuclear weapons program
38
4
Einstein-Szilard letter
(1939-08-02)
Manhattan Project
Chicago Pile-1
(1942-12-02)
Manhattan Project
1
Metallurgical Laboratory
Chicago Pile-1
Trinity
(nuclear test, 1945-07-16, first nuclear weapon detonated)
Manhattan Project
British nuclear weapons program
Nuclear weapons program
42
2
Atomic Weapons Establishment
British nuclear weapons program
1
AWE Aldermaston
Atomic Weapons Establishment
French nuclear weapons program
Nuclear weapons program
German nuclear weapons program
(Uranprojekt, Uranverein)
Nuclear weapons program
Nuclear weapon delivery
Nuclear weapon
93
6
Nuclear triad
Nuclear weapon delivery
Intercontinental ballistic missile
Nuclear weapon delivery
48
3
American Intercontinental ballistic missile
Intercontinental ballistic missile
2
LGM-30 Minuteman
American Intercontinental ballistic missile
1
Hardened Intersite Cable System
LGM-30 Minuteman
Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle
Nuclear weapon delivery
Salted bomb
Nuclear weapon
1
Cobalt bomb
Salted bomb
Tactical and strategic nuclear weapons
Nuclear weapon
2
Strategic nuclear weapon
Tactical and strategic nuclear weapons
Tactical nuclear weapon
Tactical and strategic nuclear weapons
Variable yield
Nuclear weapon
List of nuclear weapons
Nuclear weapon
2
Fat Man
(1945)
List of nuclear weapons
Little Boy
(1945)
List of nuclear weapons
History of particle physics
Particle physics
2
The Harvest of a Century by Siegmund Brandt (2008)
History of particle physics
Inward Bound by Abraham Pais (1988)
History of particle physics
Radiation
Particle physics
1
Penetration of radiation
Radiation
Particle physics bibliography
Particle physics
417
11
PBS Space Time
Particle physics bibliography
2011 PHYS 485 lecture videos by Roger Moore from the University of Alberta
Particle physics bibliography
Particle physics YouTube channel
Particle physics bibliography
2
8
Andrew Dotson YouTube channel
Particle physics YouTube channel
1
Andrew Dotson
Andrew Dotson YouTube channel
Dietterich Labs
Particle physics YouTube channel
Pretty Much Physics
Particle physics YouTube channel
ViaScience
Particle physics YouTube channel
Physics Videos by Eugene Khutoryansky
Particle physics YouTube channel
1
Eugene Khutoryansky
Physics Videos by Eugene Khutoryansky
Don Lincoln
(particle physicist, YouTubber)
Particle physics YouTube channel
Energy
Physics
33
9
Unit of measurement for energy
Energy
2
Joule
(J)
Unit of measurement for energy
Watt
Unit of measurement for energy
Conservation of energy
Energy
Potential energy
Energy
Kinetic energy
Energy
1
Why kinetic energy is
m
v
2
/
2
?
Kinetic energy
Work
(physics)
Energy
1
Why work is force times distance?
Work
Experimental physics
Physics
1
Theoretical physics
Experimental physics
Field
(physics)
Physics
135
4
Principle of locality
Field
135
3
Causality
Principle of locality
46
2
Causality in quantum mechanics
Causality
1
Causality and quantum jumps are incompatible
Causality in quantum mechanics
Law of physics
Physics
History of physics
Physics
1
Abraham Pais Prize for History of Physics
History of physics
Condensed matter physics
Physics
5k
214
Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
Condensed matter physics
Solid-state physics
Condensed matter physics
35
10
Crystallography
Solid-state physics
7
Crystal system
Crystallography
Point group
Crystallography
3
Point groups in two dimensions
Point group
Point groups in three dimensions
Point group
Crystallographic restriction theorem
Point group
Bravais lattice
Crystallography
Crystal
Crystallography
Topological insulator
Solid-state physics
1
Topology in condensed matter
Topological insulator
Electronic band theory
Condensed matter physics
1
Direct and indirect band gaps
Electronic band theory
Electrical resistivity and conductivity
Condensed matter physics
2k
53
Electrical reactance
Electrical resistivity and conductivity
1
Electrical impedance
Electrical reactance
Four-terminal sensing
Electrical resistivity and conductivity
Dependence of electrical resistivity on tempreature
Electrical resistivity and conductivity
1
Kondo effect
(Resistivity increase when temperature is lowered)
Dependence of electrical resistivity on tempreature
Semiconductor
Electrical resistivity and conductivity
21
3
Doping
(Semiconductor)
Semiconductor
Type of semiconductor
Semiconductor
1
III-V semiconductor
Type of semiconductor
Superconductivity
Electrical resistivity and conductivity
2k
43
Superconductor resistivity experiment video
Superconductivity
Superconductor coil experiment video
Superconductivity
Superconductivity is a a form of superfluidity
Superconductivity
Cooper pair
Superconductivity
Superconducting temperature
Superconductivity
Superconducting material
Superconductivity
63
10
Type-I superconductor
Superconducting material
Type-II superconductor
Superconducting material
High-temperature superconductivity
(HTS, 1986)
Superconducting material
63
7
Room temperature superconductor
High-temperature superconductivity
3
Resonating valence bond theory
Room temperature superconductor
Room temperature and pressure superconductor
Room temperature superconductor
1
LK-99
Room temperature and pressure superconductor
List of High-temperature superconductors
High-temperature superconductivity
2
Yttrium barium copper oxide
List of High-temperature superconductors
Bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide
List of High-temperature superconductors
Applications of superconductivity
Superconductivity
1
Most important superconductor material
Applications of superconductivity
Superconductor I-V curve
Superconductivity
1
Do superconductors carry infinite current?
Superconductor I-V curve
BCS Theory
(1957)
Superconductivity
Josephson effect
(1962)
Superconductivity
1k
21
History of the Josephson effect
Josephson effect
2
Possible new effects in superconductive tunnelling
(1963, Prediction of the Josephson effect)
History of the Josephson effect
Probable observation of the Josephson superconducting tunneling effect
(1963, Observation of the Josephson effect)
History of the Josephson effect
Josephson effect regime
Josephson effect
4
DC Josephson effect
Josephson effect regime
AC Josephson effect
Josephson effect regime
Inverse AC Josephson effect
Josephson effect regime
1
Shapiro steps
Inverse AC Josephson effect
Josephson equations
Josephson effect
2
Josephson current
(
I
c
)
Josephson equations
Josephson phase
(
φ
)
Josephson equations
Josephson junction
Josephson effect
1
Pi Josephson junction
Josephson junction
Magnetic flux quantum
Josephson effect
2
Experimental Evidence for Quantized Flux in Superconducting Cylinders
(1961, Bascom S. Deaver, Jr., William M. Fairbank)
Magnetic flux quantum
Josephson constant
Magnetic flux quantum
Symmetry breaking in superconductors
Josephson effect
Applications of Josephson Junctions
Josephson effect
15
3
Josephson voltage standard
Applications of Josephson Junctions
SQUID device
Applications of Josephson Junctions
1
DC SQUID
SQUID device
Superconducting tunnel junction
(STJ)
Condensed matter physics
Superfluidity
Condensed matter physics
State of matter
Condensed matter physics
11
High pressure
State of matter
Solid
State of matter
Liquid
State of matter
Gas
State of matter
6
Fermi gas
Gas
5
Electron gas
Fermi gas
2
Two-dimensional electron gas
Electron gas
1
Laughlin wavefunction
Two-dimensional electron gas
1D Fermi gas
Fermi gas
1
Impenetrable Bose Gas
1D Fermi gas
Bose-Einstein condensate
State of matter
Materials science
Condensed matter physics
2k
62
Type of material
Materials science
21
9
Glass
Type of material
Quantum dot
Type of material
1
Quantum dot single photon source
Quantum dot
Metal
Type of material
3
Alloy
Metal
Metallurgy
Metal
1
Ingot
Metallurgy
Polymer
Type of material
1
Plastic
Polymer
Material property
Materials science
2k
51
Density
Material property
Magnet
Material property
523
26
Permanent magnet
Magnet
202
4
Curie temperature
Permanent magnet
Ferromagnetism
Permanent magnet
2
Magnetic hysteresis
Ferromagnetism
1
Saturation magnetisation
Magnetic hysteresis
Electromagnet
Magnet
13
4
Electromagnetic coil
Electromagnet
Solenoid
Electromagnet
Lifting electromagnet
Electromagnet
1
Breaking Bad magnet scene
Lifting electromagnet
Ising model
(1920)
Magnet
4
Solution of the Ising model
Ising model
1D Ising model
Ising model
2D Ising model
Ising model
3D Ising model
Ising model
Magnetic dipole
(tiny idealized magnet)
Magnet
6
4
Magnetic dipole moment
Magnetic dipole
Interaction between a magnetic dipole and a magnetic field
Magnetic dipole
2
Interaction between a magnetic dipole and a homogenous magnetic field
Interaction between a magnetic dipole and a magnetic field
Magnetic dipole in an inhomogenous magnetic field
Interaction between a magnetic dipole and a magnetic field
Compass
Magnet
1
Water compass
Compass
Superconducting magnet
Magnet
41
3
Superconducting magnet vendor
Superconducting magnet
1
Oxford Instruments
(1959)
Superconducting magnet vendor
High temperature superconductor superconducting magnet
Superconducting magnet
Optical material property
Material property
399
8
Black-body radiation
Optical material property
15
5
Planck's law
(1900)
Black-body radiation
2
Wien approximation
(1896)
Planck's law
Rayleigh-Jeans law
(1900)
Planck's law
Black-body radiation experiment
Black-body radiation
Ultraviolet catastrophe
Black-body radiation
Transparency
(electromagnetic radiation)
Optical material property
1
Absorption
(electromagnetic radiation)
Transparency
Piezoelectricity
Material property
3
Piezoelectric actuator
Piezoelectricity
1
Piezoelectric motor
Piezoelectric actuator
Piezo ignition
Piezoelectricity
Photoluminescence
Material property
12
3
Fluorescence
Photoluminescence
2
Fluorometer
Fluorescence
Phosphorescence
Fluorescence
Specific heat capacity
Material property
36
3
Einstein solid
Specific heat capacity
1
Dulong-Petit law
Einstein solid
Debye model
Specific heat capacity
Viscosity
Material property
1
Pitch drop experiment
Viscosity
Laser
Condensed matter physics
327
24
History of the laser
Laser
1
The History of the Laser by Mario Bertolotti
(2003)
History of the laser
Laser spectrum
Laser
2
Laser linewidth
Laser spectrum
Laser gain curve
Laser spectrum
Lasers vs other light sources
Laser
21
3
Lasers emit a narrow spectrum
Lasers vs other light sources
1
Laser spectrum vs LED spectrum
Lasers emit a narrow spectrum
Why can't you collimate incoherent light as well as a laser?
Lasers vs other light sources
Type of laser
Laser
4
7
Maser
Type of laser
Fiber laser
Type of laser
Gas laser
Type of laser
Laser diode
Type of laser
1
Laser pointer
Laser diode
Three-level laser
Type of laser
Four-level laser
Type of laser
Are lasers polarized
Laser
Optical tweezers
Laser
1
Laser cooling
Optical tweezers
Population inversion
Laser
Pulsed laser
Laser
Laser vendor
Laser
1
Coherent, Inc.
Laser vendor
Quasiparticle
Condensed matter physics
1
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History of condensed matter physics
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39
40
Condensed matter university course
Condensed matter Physics bibliography
39
Theories of Quantum Matter by Austen Lamacraft
Condensed matter university course
37
Many Body Wavefunctions
Theories of Quantum Matter by Austen Lamacraft
7
Bosons and Fermions
Many Body Wavefunctions
2
Two Particles
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Product States
Bosons and Fermions
The 1D Fermi Gas
Many Body Wavefunctions
3
Ground State
The 1D Fermi Gas
Density; Density Matrix; Pair Distribution
The 1D Fermi Gas
Impenetrable Bose Gas
The 1D Fermi Gas
Quantum Hall Effect
Theories of Quantum Matter by Austen Lamacraft
10
Fractional Quantum Hall Effect
Quantum Hall Effect
7
Landau Levels
Fractional Quantum Hall Effect
2
Lowest Landau level
(LLL)
Landau Levels
1
Filled LLL of Fermions
Lowest Landau level
The Laughlin Wavefunction
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The Plasma Analogy
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Appendix
Quantum Hall Effect
1
Sampling from a complex wavefunction
Appendix
The Elastic Chain
Theories of Quantum Matter by Austen Lamacraft
17
The Classical System
The Elastic Chain
3
Equations of Motion
The Classical System
Hamiltonian Formulation
The Classical System
Complex Coordinates
The Classical System
Quantum Oscillators
The Elastic Chain
6
The Quantum Chain
Quantum Oscillators
Oscillator Quanta are Bosons!
Quantum Oscillators
Thermodynamic (
N
→
∞
) limit
Quantum Oscillators
Finite Temperature
Quantum Oscillators
Position Fluctuations
Quantum Oscillators
Density Fluctuations
Quantum Oscillators
Appendix
The Elastic Chain
5
Fourier review
Appendix
Discrete Fourier Transform
Appendix
Properties of the Fourier Transform
Appendix
Higher dimensions
Appendix
Evaluating (56)
Appendix
Course: Quantum Many-Body Physics in Condensed Matter by Luis Gregorio Dias (2020)
Condensed matter university course
Statistical physics
Physics
982
53
Statistical mechanics
Statistical physics
1
Kinetic theory of gases
Statistical mechanics
Sedimentation
Statistical physics
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Statistical physics
68
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Maxwell-Boltzmann vs Bose-Einstein vs Fermi-Diract statisics
34
5
Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics
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Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
11
3
Zartman Ko experiment
Experimental verification of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
1
Stern-Zartman experiment
(1920)
Zartman Ko experiment
Application of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
Experimental verification of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
Quantum statistics
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1
3
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(FD statistics)
Quantum statistics
1
Quantum statistical mechanics
Fermi-Dirac statistics
Thermodynamics
Statistical physics
540
38
Boltzmann constant
(
k
B
,
1
.
3
8
×
1
0
−
2
3
)
Thermodynamics
Equipartition theorem
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic potential
Thermodynamics
48
4
Enthalpy
(
H
)
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(
G
)
Thermodynamic potential
2
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Thermodynamics
2
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Thermodynamics
55
7
Clausius entropy
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Second law of thermodynamics
Entropy
50
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Second law of thermodynamics
3
Arrow of time
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Thermodynamics
46
5
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2k
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Mechanics
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53
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2
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1
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1
Fick's laws of diffusion
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7
4
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Gravity wave
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1
Navier-Stokes existence and smoothness
Navier-Stokes equations
Lagrangian mechanics
Mechanics
938
21
Lagrangian mechanics lectures by Michel van Biezen (2017)
Lagrangian mechanics
Action
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Lagrangian mechanics
484
5
Stationary action principle
Action
460
4
Calculus of variations
Stationary action principle
20
3
Functional
Calculus of variations
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Calculus of variations
1
Equations of motion
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241
3
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1
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1
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4
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1
Legendre transformation
Equivalence between Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalisms
Mechanics problem
Mechanics
21
13
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2
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Mass
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Point particle
Mechanics
331
18
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Point particle
331
17
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331
16
Rigid body dynamics simulator
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1
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1
Box2D
2D rigid body dynamics simulator
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Rigid body dynamics
317
11
3D rigid body dynamics simulator
3D rigid body dynamics
239
8
Bullet Physics
3D rigid body dynamics simulator
3
Bullet Physics parallel execution
Bullet Physics
pyBullet
Bullet Physics
Erwin Coumans
(Bullet Physics main author)
Bullet Physics
MuJoCo
(2015-)
3D rigid body dynamics simulator
2
MuJoCo getting started
MuJoCo
MJCF
MuJoCo
PhysX
3D rigid body dynamics simulator
3D rigid body dynamics benchmark
3D rigid body dynamics
1
SimBenchmark
3D rigid body dynamics benchmark
Computational physics
Physics
119
8
Computational chemistry
Computational physics
29
7
Quantum chemistry
Computational chemistry
4
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2
PySCF
Quantum chemistry software
Psi4
Quantum chemistry software
Quantum computing computational chemistry algorithms
Computational chemistry
1
IBM 2017 beryllium hydride ground state calculation on a quantum computer
Quantum computing computational chemistry algorithms
Physics conference
Physics
66
5
Solvay Conference
(1911)
Physics conference
2
First Solvay Conference (1911)
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Solvay Conference
Shelter Island Conference
(1947)
Physics conference
1
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Physicist
Physics
4k
126
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Physicist
1
Book by Abraham Pais
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Physicist
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Physicist
7
5
Annus Mirabilis papers
(1905)
Albert Einstein
2
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Annus Mirabilis papers
On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light by Einstein (1905)
Annus Mirabilis papers
Work about Einstein
Albert Einstein
1
Subtle is the Lord by Abraham Pais (1982)
(Albert Einstein biography)
Work about Einstein
André-Marie Ampère
(1775-1836)
Physicist
1
Education of André-Marie Ampère
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Augustin-Jean Fresnel
(1788-1827)
Physicist
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Physicist
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Physicist
1
Paper by Brian Josephson
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Physicist
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Physicist
2
Work by Carl Sagan
Carl Sagan
We Are Made of Star-Stuff
Carl Sagan
David Tong
Physicist
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Physicist
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Physicist
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(1901-1954)
Physicist
18
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Adolfo Amidei
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Work about Enrico Fermi
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2
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Work about Enrico Fermi
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Physicist
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Physicist
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(1887-1961)
Physicist
247
3
Paper by Erwin Schrödinger
Erwin Schrödinger
32
2
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Paper by Erwin Schrödinger
1
Collected Papers On Wave Mechanics by Deans (1928)
Quantization as an Eigenvalue Problem
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Physicist
1
Majorana fermion
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Physicist
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Physicist
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Physicist
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Physicist
1
Becquerel's rays
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Physicist
18
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Publication by Hermann Weyl
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1
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Publication by Hermann Weyl
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Physicist
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Physicist
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Physicist
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Physicist
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Physicist
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Physicist
1
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Physicist
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Physicist
1
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Physicist
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1
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Physicist
1
Feud between Sabine Hossenfelder and Luboš Motl
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Physicist
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Physicist
2k
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Publication by Marie Curie
Marie Curie
2
On a new radioactive substance contained in pitchblende
(1898, pages 175-178)
Publication by Marie Curie
On a new, strongly radioactive substance contained in pitchblende
(1898, pages 1215-)
Publication by Marie Curie
Michio Kaku
Physicist
Murray Gell-Mann
Physicist
Max Planck
(1858-1947)
Physicist
42
6
Work by Max Planck
Max Planck
27
5
Scientific autobiography by Max Planck (1948)
Work by Max Planck
16
2
Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers by Max Planck translated by Frank Gaynor (1949)
Scientific autobiography by Max Planck (1948)
1
Scientific Autobiography by Max Planck translated by Frank Gaynor (1949)
Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers by Max Planck translated by Frank Gaynor (1949)
Paper by Max Planck
Work by Max Planck
1
On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum
(1900)
Paper by Max Planck
Max von Laue
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Physicist
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Physicist
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Physicist
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(1923-2020)
Physicist
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Physicist
1k
18
Personal life of Richard Feynman
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5
Arline Greenbaum
(Richard Feynman's first wife, 1919 - 1945-06-16)
Personal life of Richard Feynman
Infinity
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Personal life of Richard Feynman
Feynman was a huge womanizer during a certain period of his life
Personal life of Richard Feynman
Joan Feynman
(Feynman's sister)
Personal life of Richard Feynman
Richard Feynman's drug use
Personal life of Richard Feynman
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Quote by Richard Feynman
Richard Feynman
1
What I cannot create, I do not understand
Quote by Richard Feynman
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Richard Feynman
1
Space-Time Approach to Quantum Electrodynamic by Richard Feynman (1949)
Work by Richard Feynman
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Richard Feynman
170
6
Genius: Richard Feynman and Modern Physics by James Gleick (1994)
Works about Richard Feynman
Los Alamos From Below by Richard Feynman (1975)
Works about Richard Feynman
Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman
Works about Richard Feynman
88
3
Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman chapter O Americano, Outra Vez!
Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman
Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman chapter Alfred Nobel's Other Mistake
Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman
1
Rich people who create charitable prizes are often crooked
Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman chapter Alfred Nobel's Other Mistake
Sean M. Carroll
Physicist
2
The Purpose of Harvard is Not to Educate People by Sean Carroll (2008)
Sean M. Carroll
How To Get Tenure at a Major Research University by Sean Carroll (2011)
Sean M. Carroll
Stephen Hawking
Physicist
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Physicist
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Physicist
1
settheory.net
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Physicist
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Physicist
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Physicist
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Physicist
1
Paper by Werner Heisenberg
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(1910-1989)
Physicist
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Physicist
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Physicist
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Unsolved physics problem
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211
21
Theoretical Physics Reference by Ondrej Certík
(certik/theoretical-physics)
Physics bibliography
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Physics bibliography
15
12
Faculty of Khan
Physics YouTube channel
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Physics YouTube channel
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Physics YouTube channel
1
Nick Lucid
The Science Asylum
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Physics journal
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6
Physics Letters
(1962-1966)
Physics journal
2
Physics Letters A
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Physics Letters B
Physics Letters
Physical Review
(1893-)
Physics journal
Physical Review Letters
(1958-)
Physics journal
1
Physical Review Letters article
Physical Review Letters
Chemistry
Natural science
3k
263
Atom
Chemistry
533
11
History of the atomic theory
Atom
1
Les Atomes by Jean Perrin (1913)
History of the atomic theory
Atomic theory evidence
Atom
2
Isomers suggest that atoms exist
(1874)
Atomic theory evidence
Brownian motion
(1785 or 1827)
Atomic theory evidence
Ion
Atom
Mole
(unit)
Atom
Model of the atom
Atom
68
3
Bohr model
(1913)
Model of the atom
2
Quantum jump
Bohr model
Bohr-Sommerfeld model
(1916)
Bohr model
Analytical chemistry
Chemistry
24
3
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Analytical chemistry
1
Gas chromatography etymology
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Chemistry
3
Alfred Nobel
Chemist
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Chemist
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Chemist
Chemical element
Chemistry
1k
158
Abundance of the chemical elements
Chemical element
2
Abundance of the chemical elements on Earth
Abundance of the chemical elements
1
Primordial nuclide
Abundance of the chemical elements on Earth
Discovery of chemical elements
Chemical element
6
2
Discovery of chemical elements bibliography
Discovery of chemical elements
1
Discovery Of The Elements by Mary Elvira Weeks
Discovery of chemical elements bibliography
Category of chemical element
Chemical element
1
Rare-earth element
Category of chemical element
List of chemical elements
Chemical element
1k
149
Hydrogen
(H, 1)
List of chemical elements
74
13
Water
Hydrogen
5
Water molecule
Water
Ice
Water
3
Phases of ice
Ice
1
Ice I
h
Phases of ice
Snow
Ice
Isotope of hydrogen
Hydrogen
30
6
Protium
(
1
H, stable, 99.98%)
Isotope of hydrogen
Deuterium
(
2
H, stable, 0.02%)
Isotope of hydrogen
3
Heavy water
Deuterium
2
Semiheavy water
Heavy water
Girdler sulfide process
Heavy water
Tritium
(
3
H, 12 y)
Isotope of hydrogen
Helium
(He, 2)
List of chemical elements
74
6
Helium-3
Helium
Helium-4
Helium
Liquid helium
(4.2 K)
Helium
74
3
Superfluid helium
Liquid helium
2
Superfluid helium-3
(observed 1972)
Superfluid helium
Superfluid helium-4
Superfluid helium
Boron
(B, 5)
List of chemical elements
Carbon
(C, 6)
List of chemical elements
100
20
Carbon isotope
Carbon
5
Carbon-12
(stable, 99%)
Carbon isotope
Carbon-13
(stable, 1%)
Carbon isotope
Carbon-14
(5 ky)
Carbon isotope
2
Radiocarbon dating
Carbon-14
1
Before Present
Radiocarbon dating
Carbon compound
Carbon
100
13
Allotrope of carbon
Carbon compound
11
6
Diamond
Allotrope of carbon
Fullerene
Allotrope of carbon
1
Endohedral fullerene
Fullerene
Graphite
Allotrope of carbon
2
Nuclear graphite
Graphite
Graphene
Graphite
Carbonate
(
C
O
3
2
−
)
Carbon compound
5
Calcium carbonate
(
C
a
C
O
3
)
Carbonate
4
Calcium carbonate polymorph
Calcium carbonate
3
Calcite
Calcium carbonate polymorph
Aragonite
(1797)
Calcium carbonate polymorph
Vaterite
Calcium carbonate polymorph
Nitrogen
(N, 7)
List of chemical elements
3
Liquid nitrogen
Nitrogen
Nitrogen compound
Nitrogen
1
Ammonium
Nitrogen compound
Oxygen
(O, 8)
List of chemical elements
6
2
Oxygen compound
Oxygen
1
Quartz
(
S
i
O
2
)
Oxygen compound
Neon
(Ne, 10)
List of chemical elements
Sodium
(Na, 11)
List of chemical elements
1
Sodium chloride
(NaCl)
Sodium
Aluminium
(Al, 13)
List of chemical elements
1
Superconducting temperature of aluminum
(1.2 kelvin)
Aluminium
Silicon
(Si, 14)
List of chemical elements
Phosphorus
(P, 15, 3s2 3d3)
List of chemical elements
2
Why phosphorus has multiple valencies?
Phosphorus
Phosphate
(
P
O
4
3
−
)
Phosphorus
Sulfur
(S, 16)
List of chemical elements
26
2
Sulfur compound
Sulfur
1
Sulfur hydrade
(
H
2
O
)
Sulfur compound
Argon
(Ar, 18)
List of chemical elements
4
Argon is abundant on Earth's atmosphere because it comes from the decay of Potassium-40
Argon
1
K-Ar dating
(dates rock crystalization time)
Argon is abundant on Earth's atmosphere because it comes from the decay of Potassium-40
Argon isotope
Argon
1
Argon-40
Argon isotope
Potassium
(K, 19,
4
s
1
)
List of chemical elements
Calcium
(Ca, 20,
4
s
2
)
List of chemical elements
Titanium
(Ti, 22)
List of chemical elements
2
Titanium compound
Titanium
1
Niobium-Titanium
Titanium compound
Chromium
(Cr, 24)
List of chemical elements
Iron
(Fe, 26)
List of chemical elements
2
Fe-C
Iron
Steel
(Fe-C)
Iron
Cobalt
(Co, 27)
List of chemical elements
2
Cobalt isomer
Cobalt
1
Cobalt-60
Cobalt isomer
Copper
(Cu, 29)
List of chemical elements
1
Copper compound
Copper
Gallium
(Ga, 31)
List of chemical elements
99
3
Gallium compound
Gallium
82
2
Gallium arsenide
Gallium compound
1
Gallium arsenide vs silicon
Gallium arsenide
Germanium
(Ge, 32)
List of chemical elements
Arsenide
(As, 33)
List of chemical elements
1
Arsenide compound
Arsenide
Selenium
(Se, 34)
List of chemical elements
Bromine
(Br, 35, 4s2 4p5)
List of chemical elements
3
Bromide
(
B
r
−
)
Bromine
2
Organic bromide compound
Bromide
1
Ethidium bromide
Organic bromide compound
Niobium
(Nb, 41)
List of chemical elements
2
Niobium compound
Niobium
Niobium-tin
Niobium
Silver
(Ag, 47, 4d10 5s1)
List of chemical elements
Cadmium
(Ca, 48)
List of chemical elements
Tin
(Sn, 50, Stannum)
List of chemical elements
1
Tin compound
Tin
Caesium
(Cs, 55,
6
s
1
)
List of chemical elements
9
3
Caesium-133
(stable)
Caesium
Caesium-137
(radioactive)
Caesium
1
Goiânia accident
(1987)
Caesium-137
Barium
(Ba, 56,
6
s
2
)
List of chemical elements
1
Barium compound
Barium
Ytterbium
(Yb, 60,
4
d
1
)
List of chemical elements
Gold
(Au, 79)
List of chemical elements
1
Gold leaf
Gold
Lead
(Pb, 82)
List of chemical elements
Bismuth
(Bi, 83)
List of chemical elements
1
Bismuth compound
Bismuth
Polonium
(Po, 84, July 1998)
List of chemical elements
51
4
Polonium isotope
Polonium
3
Polonium-208
Polonium isotope
Polonium-209
Polonium isotope
Polonium-210
(140d)
Polonium isotope
Radium
(Ra, 88, December 1989)
List of chemical elements
1
Radium Girls
Radium
Thorium
(Th, 90)
List of chemical elements
12
5
Thorium fuel cycle
Thorium
Thorium isotope
Thorium
3
Thorium-229
(trace, 8 ky)
Thorium isotope
Thorium-232
(99.98%, 14 Gy)
Thorium isotope
1
Thorium-232 decay chain
Thorium-232
Uranium
(U, 92)
List of chemical elements
89
15
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Uranium
2
Weapon grade Plutonium is cheaper than weapon grade Uranium
Uranium vs Plutonium
Uranium vs plutonium Quora answer by Ciro Santilli
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Uranium
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2
)
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2
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1
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4
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(160 ky)
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(Pu, 94)
List of chemical elements
147
7
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Plutonium
1
PUREX
Plutonium extraction from Uranium
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Organic compound
List of organic compounds
Organic compound
Benzene
(C
6
H
6
)
Organic compound
Methane
(
C
H
4
)
Organic compound
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2
H
6
O)
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How can a chemical substance be unstable but not flammable?
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80
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1
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21k
1k
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99
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91
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23
2
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69
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643
32
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There are no known eukaryotes which never had mitochondria
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Mitochondrion
209
5
Key mitochondrial proteins aren't necessarily in mtDNA
Mitochondrial DNA
4
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Key mitochondrial proteins aren't necessarily in mtDNA
Mitochondria have DNA because they need to be controlled individually
Key mitochondrial proteins aren't necessarily in mtDNA
Mitochondrial DNA mutates faster than nuclear DNA
Key mitochondrial proteins aren't necessarily in mtDNA
Human mitochondrion
Key mitochondrial proteins aren't necessarily in mtDNA
Power, Sex, Suicide by Nick Lane (2006)
Mitochondrion
Cellular respiration
Mitochondrion
164
12
Cellular respiration protein
Cellular respiration
81
3
Mitochondrial carrier
Cellular respiration protein
2
Mitochondrial phosphate carrier protein
(Phosphate carrier protein, mitochondrial)
Mitochondrial carrier
Adenine nucleotide translocator
(ANT)
Mitochondrial carrier
Citric acid cycle
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1
Electron transport chain
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Cellular respiration
63
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Adenosine triphosphate
3
Fermentation
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ATP synthase
(ANT)
ATP synthesis mechanism
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18
18
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Prokaryotic elongation factor
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Translation
Structure of the ribosome
Ribosome
11
Ribosome large subunit
Structure of the ribosome
Ribosome small subunit
Structure of the ribosome
Prokaryotic ribosome
Structure of the ribosome
5
Prokaryotic small ribosome subunit
Prokaryotic ribosome
1
16S ribosomal RNA
Prokaryotic small ribosome subunit
Prokaryotic large ribosome subunit
Prokaryotic ribosome
2
5S ribosomal RNA
Prokaryotic large ribosome subunit
23S ribosomal RNA
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Structure of the ribosome
2
Eukaryotic small ribosome subunit
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How to use an Oxford Nanopore MinION to extract DNA from river water and determine which bacteria live in it
Oxford Nanopore MinION
1k
30
1.
Experiment background
How to use an Oxford Nanopore MinION to extract DNA from river water and determine which bacteria live in it
2.
Overview of the experiment
How to use an Oxford Nanopore MinION to extract DNA from river water and determine which bacteria live in it
1
2.1.
Why Oxford Nanopore was used instead of Illumina for the sequencing
Overview of the experiment
3.
Sample collection
How to use an Oxford Nanopore MinION to extract DNA from river water and determine which bacteria live in it
4.
DNA extraction
How to use an Oxford Nanopore MinION to extract DNA from river water and determine which bacteria live in it
2
4.1.
Filtration with vacuum pump
DNA extraction
4.2.
Post filtration purification
DNA extraction
5.
PCR
How to use an Oxford Nanopore MinION to extract DNA from river water and determine which bacteria live in it
1
5.1.
PCR verification with gel electrophoresis
PCR
6.
Sequencing
How to use an Oxford Nanopore MinION to extract DNA from river water and determine which bacteria live in it
2
6.1.
Pre-sequencing preparation
Sequencing
6.2.
Using the Oxford Nanopore
Sequencing
7.
Bioinformatics
How to use an Oxford Nanopore MinION to extract DNA from river water and determine which bacteria live in it
8.
Conclusions
How to use an Oxford Nanopore MinION to extract DNA from river water and determine which bacteria live in it
9.
Protocols used
How to use an Oxford Nanopore MinION to extract DNA from river water and determine which bacteria live in it
3
9.1.
Qiagen DNeasy PowerWater Kit
Protocols used
9.2.
Qiagen QIAquick PCR Purification Kit
Protocols used
9.3.
Oxford Nanopore SQK-LSK109 Ligation Sequencing Kit
Protocols used
10.
Equipment used
How to use an Oxford Nanopore MinION to extract DNA from river water and determine which bacteria live in it
10
10.1.
Thermo Scientific Nalgene Polysulfone Reusable Bottle Top Filters
Equipment used
10.2.
KNF Laboport series laboratory vacuum pump
Equipment used
10.3.
Scientific Industries Inc. Vortex-Genie 2
Equipment used
10.4.
VWR Micro Star 17 microcentrifuge
Equipment used
10.5.
VELP Scientifica WIZARD IR Infrared Vortex Mixer
Equipment used
10.6.
Marshal Scientific MJ Research PTC-200 Thermal Cycler
Equipment used
10.7.
GE MagRack 6
Equipment used
10.8.
BTLab Systems Mini Centrifuge
Equipment used
10.9.
Fisher Scientific UVP LM-26E Benchtop 2UV Transilluminator
Equipment used
10.10.
Biochrom SimpliNano spectrophotometer
Equipment used
11.
External links to this page
How to use an Oxford Nanopore MinION to extract DNA from river water and determine which bacteria live in it
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96
11
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History of DNA methylation research
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161
17
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1
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RNA
125
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19
6
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Nucleotide
16
5
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48
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DNA replication is a key limiting factor of bacterial replication time
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Parasites tend to have smaller DNAs
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35
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Proteinogenic amino acid
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9
Alanine
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Proteinogenic amino acid
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Proteinogenic amino acid
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Proteinogenic amino acid
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Proteinogenic amino acid
Glutamine
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Proteinogenic amino acid
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(F, Phe)
Proteinogenic amino acid
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Proteinogenic amino acid
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Proteinogenic amino acid
Valine
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Proteinogenic amino acid
Protein degradation
Protein
Protein folding
Protein
7
12
Protein structure level
Protein folding
7
7
Primary structure
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44
15
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List of proteins
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120
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List of proteins
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List of proteins
26
3
Lysozyme structure resolution (1965)
Lysozyme
2
Structure of Hen Egg-White Lysozyme: A Three-dimensional Fourier Synthesis at 2 Å Resolution (1965)
Lysozyme structure resolution (1965)
Structure of Some Crystalline Lysozyme-Inhibitor Complexes Determined by X-Ray Analysis At 6 Å Resolution (1965)
Lysozyme structure resolution (1965)
Oxygen transport protein
List of proteins
16
4
Hemoglobin
Oxygen transport protein
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Oxygen transport protein
6
2
Myoglobin structure resolution (1958)
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1
A Three-Dimensional Model of the Myoglobin Molecule Obtained by X-Ray Analysis (1958)
Myoglobin structure resolution (1958)
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Molecular biology
82
14
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Molecular biology technique
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5
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4
2
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1
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List of fluorescent proteins
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Molecular biology technique
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Molecular biology technique
82
13
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Molecular biology laboratory equipment
23
3
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1
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3k
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3k
177
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535
17
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9
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221
8
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Child prodigy
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Child prodigy
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Child prodigy
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276
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29
3
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Free
Economy
Finance
Economy
360
22
Financial industry
Finance
115
6
Trader
(finance)
Financial industry
Financial company
Financial industry
4
PayPal
Financial company
2
PayPal founder
PayPal
1
Peter Thiel
PayPal founder
TransferWise
Financial company
Investment thesis
Finance
Personal finance
Finance
4
All the financial advice you’ll ever need fits on a single index card
Personal finance
Finance guru
Personal finance
Independently wealthy
Personal finance
Passive income
Personal finance
Finance is a cancer of society
Finance
Bank
Finance
1
Challenger bank
Bank
Financial fraud
Finance
15
3
Rogue trader
Financial fraud
2
Nick Leeson
Rogue trader
1
Nick Leeson and the Fall of the House of Barings by Adam Curtis (1996)
Nick Leeson
High-frequency trading
Finance
1
High-frequency trading as a form of Nirvana
High-frequency trading
Financial crime
Economy
1
Money laundering
Financial crime
Financial crisis
Economy
51
6
Financial crisis of 2007-2008
Financial crisis
51
4
Film about the financial crisis of 2007-2008
Financial crisis of 2007-2008
3
Inside Job (2010)
Film about the financial crisis of 2007-2008
Margin Call (2011)
Film about the financial crisis of 2007-2008
The Big Short (2015)
Film about the financial crisis of 2007-2008
Dot-com bubble
(2001)
Financial crisis
Income distribution
Economy
2
Lorenz curve
Income distribution
Wealth inequality
Income distribution
Inflation
Economy
70
2
Money creation
Inflation
1
Money creation vs tax
Money creation
Renting
Economy
Social inequality
Economy
5
The One Percent
(film, 2006)
Social inequality
Affirmative action
Social inequality
Equal opportunity
Social inequality
Meritocracy
Social inequality
Wealth distribution in the United States
Social inequality
Stock market
Economy
6
7
Market capitalization
Stock market
Equity
(finance)
Stock market
Exchange-traded fund
(ETF)
Stock market
Initial public offering
Stock market
1
Special-purpose acquisition company
Initial public offering
Open outrcy
Stock market
S&P 500
Stock market
Utility
Economy
1
Utility function
Utility
Work
(human activity)
Economy
1
Modern work is evil
Work
Ethology
Psychology
1
Signaling theory
Ethology
Fetish
Psychology
Gossip
Psychology
Law of triviality
Psychology
Mental state
Psychology
Mind blown
Psychology
1
When you see it, you'll shit bricks
Mind blown
Personality
Psychology
4
Narcissism
Personality
Personality type
Personality
2
Myers-Briggs Type_Indicator
Personality type
Big Five personality traits
Personality type
Procrastination
Psychology
1
Yak shaving
Procrastination
Psychologist
Psychology
2
Carl Jung
Psychologist
Jordan Peterson
Psychologist
Survivorship bias
Psychology
Suicide
Psychology
Uncanny valley
Psychology
Intelligence
Brain
11
7
Animal intelligence
Intelligence
11
3
Animal intelligence by species
Animal intelligence
11
2
Crow intelligence
Animal intelligence by species
1
Crow intelligence experiment
Crow intelligence
Collective intelligence
Intelligence
2
Hive mind
Collective intelligence
Mindmeld
Collective intelligence
Brain biliography
Brain
1
How to Create a Mind
(2012, Ray Kurzweil)
Brain biliography
System
(anatomy)
Level of organization of bodies
100
33
List of anatomical systems
System
43
31
Circulatory system
List of anatomical systems
3
2
Blood
Circulatory system
1
Blood cell
Blood
Digestive system
List of anatomical systems
1
Eating
Digestive system
Endocrine system
List of anatomical systems
1
2
Crying
Endocrine system
1
Tearjerker
Crying
Immune system
List of anatomical systems
6
Inate and adaptative immune system
Immune system
3
Inate immune system
Inate and adaptative immune system
Adaptative immune system
Inate and adaptative immune system
1
Lymphocyte
Adaptative immune system
Immune response
Immune system
Inflammation
Immune system
Musculoskeletal system
List of anatomical systems
2
Bipedalism
Musculoskeletal system
Bone
Musculoskeletal system
Nervous system
List of anatomical systems
39
12
Neuroscience
Nervous system
1
Will we ever fully udnerstand the brain?
Neuroscience
Nervous system by species
Nervous system
3
C. elegans nervous system
Nervous system by species
Human nervous system
Nervous system by species
1
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Human nervous system
Neuron
Nervous system
16
3
Axon
Neuron
Neuron simulator
Neuron
1
Neuron
(Software)
Neuron simulator
Spinal cord
Nervous system
1
Human spinal cord
Spinal cord
System by species
System
Systems biology
Biology
106
8
Molecular biology database
Systems biology
23
5
BioCyc
Molecular biology database
1
BioCyc promoter database
BioCyc
National Center for Biotechnology Information
Molecular biology database
1
GenBank
National Center for Biotechnology Information
UniProt
Molecular biology database
Omics
Systems biology
1
Multiomics
Omics
Model organism
Biology
Biosensor
Biology
3
Hearing
Biosensor
2
Hearing range
Hearing
1
Human hearing range
Hearing range
Taxonomy
Biology
9k
293
Autothrophs and heterothrophs
Taxonomy
15
6
Autothroph
Autothrophs and heterothrophs
4
Chemosynthesis
Autothroph
2
Hydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis
Chemosynthesis
Hydrogen chemosynthesis
Chemosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Autothroph
Heterotroph
Autothrophs and heterothrophs
Phylogenetics
Taxonomy
116
15
Last universal common ancestor
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic tree
Phylogenetics
3
Cladogram
Phylogenetic tree
Coral of life
Phylogenetic tree
OneZoom
Phylogenetic tree
Mono and paraphyly
Phylogenetics
22
5
Clade
Mono and paraphyly
1
Monophyly
Clade
Paraphyly
Mono and paraphyly
2
Paraphyletic subgroup
Paraphyly
Non-clade groups are evil
Paraphyly
Basal
(phylogenetics)
Phylogenetics
Crown group
Phylogenetics
Polyphyly
Phylogenetics
1
Parallel evolution
Polyphyly
Taxonomy database
Taxonomy
Taxonomic rank
Taxonomy
5
Genus
Taxonomic rank
Domain
(biology)
Taxonomic rank
Kingdom
(biology)
Taxonomic rank
Phylum
Taxonomic rank
Class
(biology)
Taxonomic rank
Aerobic and anaerobic organisms
Taxonomy
2
Aerobic organism
Aerobic and anaerobic organisms
Anaerobic organism
Aerobic and anaerobic organisms
Unicellular and multicellular organisms
Taxonomy
274
15
Unicellular organism
Unicellular and multicellular organisms
Multicellular organism
Unicellular and multicellular organisms
98
13
Developmental biology
Multicellular organism
23
5
Developmental genetics
Developmental biology
4
Developmental neurobiology
Developmental genetics
Homeobox gene
Developmental genetics
1
Hox gene
Homeobox gene
Regeneration
(biology)
Developmental genetics
Chimera
(genetics)
Multicellular organism
Germline and somatic cells
Multicellular organism
2
Germline
Germline and somatic cells
Somatic cell
Germline and somatic cells
The simplest multicellular species
Multicellular organism
Colony
(biology)
Multicellular organism
Multicellularity is polyphyletic
Multicellular organism
Microorganism
Taxonomy
Prokaryote
Taxonomy
Species
Taxonomy
8k
241
Virus
Species
386
33
Virus classification
Virus
11
3
Bacteriophage
Virus classification
Baltimore classification
Virus classification
1
Positive-strand RNA virus
Baltimore classification
Coronavirus
Virus
294
21
Coronavirus Replication Cycle
Coronavirus
COVID-19
Coronavirus
134
19
Why it takes several days to enter inflammatory phase in COVID-19?
COVID-19
Why is COVID-19 so serious in some people but not in others?
COVID-19
Why is COVID-19 more serious than the flu?
COVID-19
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
COVID-19
90
15
Variants of SARS-CoV-2
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
SARS-CoV-2 cell entry
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
SARS-CoV-2 gene
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
1
ORF1ab
SARS-CoV-2 gene
SARS-CoV-2 protein
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
58
10
SARS-CoV-2 structural protein
SARS-CoV-2 protein
4
SARS-CoV-2 E protein
(envelope)
SARS-CoV-2 structural protein
SARS-CoV-2 M protein
(membrane)
SARS-CoV-2 structural protein
SARS-CoV-2 S protein
(spike)
SARS-CoV-2 structural protein
SARS-CoV-2 N protein
SARS-CoV-2 structural protein
SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein
SARS-CoV-2 protein
3
SARS-CoV-2 Nsp3
SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein
SARS-CoV-2 Nsp5
SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein
SARS-CoV-2 Nsp12
SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein
SARS-CoV-2 accessory protein
SARS-CoV-2 protein
Dengue virus
Virus
Retrovirus
Virus
5
Integrase
Retrovirus
Reverse transcriptase
Retrovirus
HIV
Retrovirus
2
AIDS
HIV
HIV vaccine
HIV
Bacteria
Species
6k
66
Bacterial cellular morphogology
Bacteria
Bacterial cell structure
Bacteria
1
Bacterial cell wall
Bacterial cell structure
Bacterial conjugation
(bacterial sex)
Bacteria
1
Origin of transfer
Bacterial conjugation
Bacterial genome
Bacteria
1
Bacterial chromosome is circular
Bacterial genome
Gram stain
Bacteria
13
4
Gram-positive bacteria
Gram stain
Gram-negative bacteria
Gram stain
6
2
Bacterial outer membrane
Gram-negative bacteria
1
Periplasm
Bacterial outer membrane
List of bacteria
Bacteria
6k
53
Escherichia coli
List of bacteria
5k
40
E. Coli replication time
Escherichia coli
E. Coli starts DNA replication before the previous one finished
Escherichia coli
E. Coli origin of replication
Escherichia coli
1
E. Coli genome starting point
E. Coli origin of replication
E. Coli whole cell simulation
Escherichia coli
4k
13
E. Coli Whole Cell Model by Covert Lab
(CovertLab/WholeCellEcoliRelease)
E. Coli whole cell simulation
2k
11
1.
Install and first run
E. Coli Whole Cell Model by Covert Lab
2.
Output overview
E. Coli Whole Cell Model by Covert Lab
1
2.1.
Mass fracion summary plot analysis
Output overview
3.
Run variants
E. Coli Whole Cell Model by Covert Lab
2
3.1.
Default run variant
Run variants
3.2.
Time series run variant
Run variants
4.
Other run variants
E. Coli Whole Cell Model by Covert Lab
5.
Source code overview
E. Coli Whole Cell Model by Covert Lab
1
5.1.
Condition
Source code overview
6.
Model validation
E. Coli Whole Cell Model by Covert Lab
7.
Publications
E. Coli Whole Cell Model by Covert Lab
Multi-Omics Model and Analytics
(MOMA, 2016)
E. Coli whole cell simulation
E. Coli Metabolome Database
Escherichia coli
E. Coli strain
Escherichia coli
1k
20
E. Coli K-12
E. Coli strain
1k
19
E. Coli K-12 MG1655
E. Coli K-12
886
18
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 origin of replication
(3,925,744 - 3,925,975)
E. Coli K-12 MG1655
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene
E. Coli K-12 MG1655
10
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene thrL
(190-255, thr operon leader peptide)
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene thrA
(337-2799, fused aspartate kinase/homoserine dehydrogenase 1)
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene thrB
(2,801 - 3,733)
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene thrC
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene yaaX
(5,234 - 5,530)
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene dksA
(160,604 - 160,149)
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene lrp
(932,595 - 933,089)
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene fnr
(1,398,774 - 1,399,526)
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene arcA
(4,639,590 - 4,640,306)
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene ytdX
(5,234 - 5,530)
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene of unknown function
E. Coli K-12 MG1655
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 promoter
E. Coli K-12 MG1655
130
4
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 promoter thrLp
(148)
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 promoter
3
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 operon thrLABC
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 promoter thrLp
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 transcription unit thrL
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 promoter thrLp
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 transcription unit thrLABC
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 promoter thrLp
Mycoplasma
List of bacteria
306
11
Mycoplasma genitalium
Mycoplasma
111
3
M. genitalium whole cell simulation
Mycoplasma genitalium
2
Lattice Microbes
(2022)
M. genitalium whole cell simulation
M. genitalium whole cell model by Covert lab
M. genitalium whole cell simulation
Mycoplasma mycoides
Mycoplasma
195
6
M. mycoides strain
Mycoplasma mycoides
174
5
M. mycoides JCVI strain
M. mycoides strain
4
JCVI-syn3A
(2019)
M. mycoides JCVI strain
1
Essential metabolism for a minimal cell (2019)
JCVI-syn3A
JCVI-syn3.0
(2016)
M. mycoides JCVI strain
JCVI-syn3B
(2022)
M. mycoides JCVI strain
Arkarya
Species
59
2
Archaea
Arkarya
1
Archaea are more cosely related to the eukaryotes than bacteria
Archaea
Eukaryote
Species
1k
131
Advantage of eukaryote over bacteria
Eukaryote
1
Eukaryotes can do phatocytosis due to their cytoskeleton
Advantage of eukaryote over bacteria
Amoeba
Eukaryote
Eukarya subclade
Eukaryote
1k
127
Animal
Eukarya subclade
1k
119
Animal anatomy
Animal
2
Anus
Animal anatomy
Cloaca
Animal anatomy
Animal flight
Animal
Warm-blooded
Animal
1
Homeothermy
Warm-blooded
Animal subclade
Animal
933
112
Placozoan
Animal subclade
Arthropod
Animal subclade
10
3
Drosophila melanogaster
(Common fruit fly)
Arthropod
10
2
Fruit fly model
Drosophila melanogaster
1
NeuroMechFly
(2021)
Fruit fly model
Chordate
Animal subclade
835
98
Chordate subclade
Chordate
756
97
Lancelet
Chordate subclade
Vertebrate
Chordate subclade
709
95
Vertebrate subclade
Vertebrate
Fish
Vertebrate
687
93
Mudfish
Fish
Zebrafish
Fish
Fish subclade
Fish
630
90
Tetrapod
Fish subclade
630
89
Tetrapod subclade
Tetrapod
581
88
Amphibian
Tetrapod subclade
Amniote
Tetrapod subclade
581
86
Amnion
Amniote
Amniote subclade
Amniote
555
84
Sauropsida
Amniote subclade
4
Reptile
Sauropsida
Sauropsida subclade
Sauropsida
2
Bird
Sauropsida subclade
1
Crow
Bird
Synapsid
(Mammals + extinct reptile like cousins)
Amniote subclade
533
78
Synapsid subclade
Synapsid
531
77
Mammal
Synapsid subclade
531
76
Milk
Mammal
Mammal subclade
Mammal
440
74
Monotreme
(Mammals that lay eggs)
Mammal subclade
Theria
(Mammals that don't lay eggs, wild beast)
Mammal subclade
440
72
Theria subclade
Theria
412
71
Marsupial
Theria subclade
Placentalia
Theria subclade
412
69
Placenta
Placentalia
Placentalia subclade
Placentalia
383
67
Bat
Placentalia subclade
Mouse
Placentalia subclade
25
5
Rat
Mouse
House mouse
Mouse
8
3
Mouse mutant
House mouse
2
Genetically modified mouse
Mouse mutant
Knockout mouse
Mouse mutant
Primate
Placentalia subclade
335
53
Primate subclade
Primate
335
52
Simian
Primate subclade
335
51
Simian subclade
Simian
335
50
Ape
Simian subclade
335
49
Ape subclade
Ape
310
48
Australopithecine
(7.3 Mya)
Ape subclade
297
47
Human
Australopithecine
286
46
Human evolution
Human
4
Early expansions of hominins out of Africa
(2.1 Mya - 200 kya)
Human evolution
Early human migrations
(200 kya)
Human evolution
Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans
Human evolution
Human loss of fur
Human evolution
Human body
Human
235
38
Human phenotype
Human body
33
11
Biometrics
Human phenotype
33
9
Fingerprint
Biometrics
1
8
Fingerprint minutiae
Fingerprint
Fingerprint file format
Fingerprint
3
List of fingerprint file formats
Fingerprint file format
1
ISO 19794-2
List of fingerprint file formats
Convert image to fingerprint file format
Fingerprint file format
Fingerprint matching
Fingerprint
Fingerprint imaging
Fingerprint
Fingerprint imaging with smartphone
Fingerprint
Human Phenotype Ontology
Human phenotype
Human cell type
Human body
11
4
Human Cell Atlas
Human cell type
Human immortalised cell line
Human cell type
2
HeLa
(1951)
Human immortalised cell line
HEK 293 cell
(1973)
Human immortalised cell line
Human molecular biology
Human body
182
19
Human proteome
Human molecular biology
Human genome
Human molecular biology
126
17
Human chromosome
Human genome
Human genetic variation
Human genome
2
Personal Genome Project
Human genetic variation
ABO blood group system
Human genetic variation
Human mtDNA
Human genome
3
Human mitochondrial molecular clock
Human mtDNA
Cambridge Reference Sequence
(1981, first human mtDNA full sequencing)
Human mtDNA
1
Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome by Sanger et al. (1981)
Cambridge Reference Sequence
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
Human genome
Human genome sequencing project
Human genome
4
Human Genome Project
(2003, first largs scale sequencing of a human genome)
Human genome sequencing project
2015 Iceland genome sequencing studies
Human genome sequencing project
100,000 Genomes Project
(2018, UK)
Human genome sequencing project
TwinsUK
(1992-, UK, 13k)
Human genome sequencing project
Human protein
Human genome
2
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
Human protein
TMPRSS2
Human protein
Human body system
Human body
Transhumanism
Human
1
Brain in a vat
Transhumanism
Carnivora
(Cats, dogs, bears, seals)
Placentalia subclade
2
Carnivora subclade
Carnivora
1
Bear
Carnivora subclade
Ungulate
(Cows, pigs, whales)
Placentalia subclade
2
Ungulate subclade
Ungulate
1
Cow
Ungulate subclade
Nematode
Animal subclade
63
7
Caenorhabditis elegans
Nematode
7
6
C. elegans cell lineage
Caenorhabditis elegans
C. elegans body system
Caenorhabditis elegans
C. elegans models and databases
Caenorhabditis elegans
2
WormAtlas
C. elegans models and databases
WormWideWeb
(2023)
C. elegans models and databases
OpenWorm
Caenorhabditis elegans
Fungus
Eukarya subclade
3
Mold
Fungus
Yeast
Fungus
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Fungus
Plant
Eukarya subclade
2
Borlotti beans
Plant
Pinto bean
Plant
Extraterrestrial life
(alien)
Species
4
Kardashev scale
Extraterrestrial life
Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
(SETI)
Extraterrestrial life
2
Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence
(CETI)
Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
1
Arecibo message
Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence
Evolution
Biology
10
11
Argument from poor design
Evolution
1
Intelligent design
Argument from poor design
Convergent evolution
Evolution
Extinct and extant
Evolution
2
Extinct
Extinct and extant
Extant
Extinct and extant
Genetic diversity
Evolution
1
Allele
Genetic diversity
Natural selection
Evolution
Selective breeding
Evolution
1
Eugenics
Selective breeding
Biotechnology
Biology
135
10
Artificial womb
Biotechnology
Biosafety level
(BSL)
Biotechnology
Parenteral nutrition
Biotechnology
Tissue engineering
Biotechnology
63
5
Cultured food
Tissue engineering
21
4
Cultured meat
Cultured food
11
3
Cultured meat company
Cultured meat
1
Ivy Farm
Cultured meat company
Eat Just
Cultured meat
Synthetic biology
Biotechnology
Biologist
Biology
39
5
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Biologist
Craig Venter
Biologist
George M. Church
Biologist
Jacques Monod
Biologist
1
You can learn more from older students than from faculty
Jacques Monod
Computational biology
Biology
128
6
Bioinformatics
Computational biology
35
4
FASTA format
Bioinformatics
1
Get nucleotide at a given position of a FASTA file
FASTA format
Sequence alignment
Bioinformatics
1
BLAST
(biotechnology)
Sequence alignment
Whole organism simulation
Computational biology
Disease
Biology
38
10
Cancer
Disease
3
Anti-cancer mechanism
Cancer
1
Oncogene
Anti-cancer mechanism
Cancer is natural selection gone wrong
Cancer
Chronic disease
Disease
Obesity
Disease
Infection
Disease
Respiratory disease
Disease
2
Asthma
Respiratory disease
Tuberculosis
Respiratory disease
Life
Biology
385
8
Artificial life
Life
328
4
Software-based artificial life
Artificial life
59
3
The Bibites
(2017)
Software-based artificial life
Primer
(YouTube channel, 2018)
Software-based artificial life
1
Justin Helps
Primer
Organism
Life
1
Organism model
Organism
Death
Life
Reproduction
Biology
160
39
Egg
Reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Reproduction
45
37
Sex
(trait)
Sexual reproduction
2
Female
Sex
Male
Sex
Why are there two sexes?
Sexual reproduction
There are two sexes because of mitochondria
Sexual reproduction
Sexually
Sexual reproduction
Sexual selection
Sexual reproduction
2
Mate choice
Sexual selection
Courtship
Sexual selection
Sexual arousal
Sexual reproduction
21
7
Sexual fetish
Sexual arousal
11
2
Pedophilia
Sexual fetish
1
Pedobear
Pedophilia
Sexy
Sexual arousal
3
Reproductive cue
Sexy
2
Human reproductive cue
Reproductive cue
1
Cleavage
Human reproductive cue
Orgasm
Sexual reproduction
Sexual intercourse
(make love, do it, screw, shag, fornicate, get laid, bone, make the beast with two backs, ride St George, horizontal refreshment, do the deed of darkness)
Sexual reproduction
1
Gang bang
Sexual intercourse
Sex toy
Sexual reproduction
1
Dildo
Sex toy
Sexual orientation
Sexual reproduction
6
Transsexual
Sexual orientation
Homosexuality
Sexual orientation
3
Bisexuality
Homosexuality
Homoeroticism
Homosexuality
Lesbian
Homosexuality
Coming out
Sexual orientation
Promiscuity
Sexual reproduction
Sexual organ
Sexual reproduction
3
Breast
Sexual organ
Penis
Sexual organ
Vagina
Sexual organ
Viviparity
Sexual reproduction
24
2
Pregnancy
Viviparity
1
Abortion
Pregnancy
Medicine
Biology
199
20
Pharmacy
Medicine
192
19
Antimicrobial
Pharmacy
2
Antibiotic
Antimicrobial
1
Streptomycin
(1948)
Antibiotic
Drug
Pharmacy
192
13
Addiction
Drug
2
Drug addict
Addiction
Drug tolerance
Addiction
Recreational drug
Drug
9
Drug liberalization
Recreational drug
Bad trip
Recreational drug
Drug traffic
Recreational drug
1
Drug lord
Drug traffic
List of recreational drugs
Recreational drug
4
Cocaine
List of recreational drugs
Marijuana
List of recreational drugs
Heroin
List of recreational drugs
Lysergic acid diethylamide
List of recreational drugs
Pharmaceutical company
Pharmacy
1
Merck Group
Pharmaceutical company
Astronomy
Natural science
15k
620
Amateur astronomy
Astronomy
1
Good targets for amateur astronomy
Amateur astronomy
Astronomical measurement unit
Astronomy
95
6
Astronomical unit
(AU, distance to the Sun)
Astronomical measurement unit
Apparent magnitude
Astronomical measurement unit
95
3
Brightest natural objects in the sky
Apparent magnitude
2
Star outside the Milky Way
Brightest natural objects in the sky
It is not possible to see stars outside of the Milky Way by naked eye
Brightest natural objects in the sky
Proper motion
Astronomical measurement unit
Astrophysics
Astronomy
43
6
Cosmic ray
Astrophysics
5
Particle discovered with cosmic rays
Cosmic ray
Mountain used for cosmic ray experiments
Cosmic ray
Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray
Cosmic ray
2
Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin limit
Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray
Oh-My-God particle
Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray
Age of the universe
Astronomy
279
10
Big Bang
Age of the universe
165
9
Cosmic microwave background
Big Bang
3
2
Cosmic microwave background anisotropy
Cosmic microwave background
1
Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe
(2001-2010, WMAP)
Cosmic microwave background anisotropy
Epoch
(Astronomy)
Big Bang
1
Recombination
(cosmology)
Epoch
Expansion of the universe
Big Bang
3
Cosmological event horizon
Expansion of the universe
Expanding raisin bread model
Expansion of the universe
Inflation
(cosmology)
Expansion of the universe
Astronomical object
Astronomy
66
15
Galaxy
Astronomical object
Messier object
(1774)
Astronomical object
Planetary system
Astronomical object
Planet
Astronomical object
Star
Astronomical object
66
10
Double star
Star
Star system
Star
1
Polaris
(433 ly, 1.8m)
Star system
Stellar classification
Star
66
6
Neutron star
Stellar classification
Main sequence
Stellar classification
Supernova
Stellar classification
Black hole
Stellar classification
2
Micro black hole
Black hole
Black holes nearest to the Sun
Black hole
Constellation
Astronomy
3
IAU designated constellations
Constellation
Asterism
(astronomy)
Constellation
1
Big Dipper
Asterism
Space exploration
Astronomy
2
Space exploration organization
Space exploration
1
NASA
Space exploration organization
Telescope
Astronomy
26
5
Amateur telescope
Telescope
26
4
Amateur telescope vendor
Amateur telescope
26
3
Celestron
Amateur telescope vendor
16
2
Celestron NexStar
Celestron
1
Celestron NexStar 4SE
Celestron NexStar
Universe
Astronomy
14k
563
Virgo Supercluster
Universe
14k
562
Virgo cluster
Virgo Supercluster
4
Galaxy in the Virgo cluster
Virgo cluster
3
Messier 49
(M49, 56 Mly, 8.4 m)
Galaxy in the Virgo cluster
Messier 86
(M86, 52 Mly, 8.9 m)
Galaxy in the Virgo cluster
Messier 87
(M87, 53 Mly, 8.6 m)
Galaxy in the Virgo cluster
Local group
Virgo Supercluster
14k
556
Galaxy in the Local Group
Local group
1
Andromeda Galaxy
(2.5 Mly, 3.44 m)
Galaxy in the Local Group
Milky Way
(185 x 2 kly)
Local group
14k
553
Galaxies nearest the Milky Way
Milky Way
Milky Way satellite galaxy
Milky Way
1
Large Magellanic Cloud
(14 kly, 0.9 m)
Milky Way satellite galaxy
Sagittarius A
Milky Way
1
Sagittarius A*
(Black hole in center of Milky Way, 27 kly)
Sagittarius A
Zone of Avoidance
(ZOA)
Milky Way
Arm of the Milky Way
Milky Way
14k
546
Orion Arm
(3500 x 10000 ly)
Arm of the Milky Way
14k
545
Alpha Centauri
(0.01 m)
Orion Arm
1
Proxima Centauri
(4 ly, 11 m)
Alpha Centauri
Sirius
(9 ly, -1.5 m)
Orion Arm
Solar System
Orion Arm
14k
541
Model of the solar system
Solar System
2
Geocentric model
Model of the solar system
Copernican heliocentrism
Model of the solar system
Sun
Solar System
1
Stars nearest to the Sun
Sun
Planet in the Solar System
Solar System
13k
535
Mercury
(planet)
Planet in the Solar System
Venus
Planet in the Solar System
Earth
Planet in the Solar System
13k
521
Atmosphere of Earth
Earth
Continent
Earth
13k
475
Continental drift
Continent
1
Pangaea
(335 Mya-200 Mya)
Continental drift
List of continents
Continent
13k
472
Americas
List of continents
2k
90
North America
Americas
376
57
Country in North America
North America
207
56
Canada
Country in North America
Mexico
Country in North America
1
Mexican drug war
Mexico
United States
Country in North America
207
52
History of the United States
United States
2
American Revolution
(1765-1784, getting rid of the Brits)
History of the United States
American Civil War
(1861-1865, slavery)
History of the United States
Culture of the United States
United States
1
American exceptionalism
Culture of the United States
Law enforcement in the United States
United States
1
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Law enforcement in the United States
United States Armed Forces
United States
23
4
Military doctrine of the United States
United States Armed Forces
1
Rifleman's Creed
Military doctrine of the United States
United States Air Force
United States Armed Forces
United States Navy
(USN)
United States Armed Forces
United States Government
United States
23
6
Independent agencies of the United States government
United States Government
1
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Independent agencies of the United States government
United States Department of Defense
(DoD)
United States Government
23
3
The Pentagon
United States Department of Defense
DARPA
(1958)
United States Department of Defense
1
ARPA
DARPA
U.S. state
United States
52
32
California
U.S. state
12
10
San Francisco Bay
California
6
San Francisco Bay Area
San Francisco Bay
5
Berkeley, California
San Francisco Bay Area
Palo Alto
San Francisco Bay Area
San Francisco
San Francisco Bay Area
1
LGBT culture in San Francisco
San Francisco
Silicon Valley
San Francisco Bay Area
City in California
California
2
Ciro Santilli
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