Ciro Santilli $$Sponsor Ciro$$ 中国独裁统治 China Dictatorship 新疆改造中心、六四事件、法轮功、郝海东、709大抓捕、2015巴拿马文件 邓家贵、低端人口、西藏骚乱
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# Bra-ket notation

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Notation used in quantum mechanics.
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Ket is just a vector. Though generally in the context of quantum mechanics, this is an infinite dimensional vector in a Hilbert space like .
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Bra is just the projection linear operator, i.e. a linear function which can act on a given vector and returns a single complex number. Also known as... dot product.
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For example: $$(⟨x∣)∣y⟩ (23)$$ is basically a fancy way of saying: $$x⋅y (24)$$ that is: we are taking the projection of along the direction. Note that in the ordinary dot product notation however, we don't differentiate as clearly what is a vector and what is an operator, while the bra-ket notation makes it clear.
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The projection operator is completely specified by the vector that we are projecting it on. This is why the bracket notation makes sense.
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It also has the merit of clearly differentiating vectors from operators. E.g. it is not very clear in that is an operator and is a vector, except due to the relative position to the dot. This is especially bad when we start manipulating operators by themselves without vectors.
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This notation is widely used in quantum mechanics because calculating the probability of getting a certain outcome for an experiment is calculated by taking the projection of a state on one an eigenvalue basis vector as explained at: Section "Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics".
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Making the projection operator "look like a thing" (the bra) is nice because we can add and multiply them much like we can for vectors (they also form a vector space), e.g.: $$⟨x∣+⟨y∣ (25)$$ just means taking the projection along the direction.
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Ciro Santilli thinks that this notation is a bit over-engineered. Notably the bra's are just vectors, which we should just write as usual with ... the bra thing makes it look scarier than it needs to be. And then we should just find a different notation for the projection part.
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Maybe Dirac chose it because of the appeal of the women's piece of clothing: bra, in an irresistible call from British humour.
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But in any case, alas, we are now stuck with it.
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