Matplotlib

It does a huge percentage of what you want easily, and from the language that you want to use.

Tends to be Ciro's pick if gnuplot can't handle the use case, or if the project is really really serious.

Couldn't handle exploration of large datasets though: Survey of open source interactive plotting software with a 10 million point scatter plot benchmark by Ciro Santilli

Examples:

Tested on Python 3.10.4, Ubuntu 22.04.