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Hall effect

The voltage changes perpendicular to the current when magnetic field is applied.

Figure 1. Hall effect experimental diagram. Source. The Hall effect refers to the produced voltage $V_{H}$ , AKA $V_{y}$ on this setup.

An intuitive video is:

Video 3. Source.

The key formula for it is:

V_{H} = \frac{I _{x} B _{z}}{n t e}

where:

$I_{x}$ : current on x direction, which we can control by changing the voltage $V_{x}$
$B_{z}$ : strength of transversal magnetic field applied
$n$ : charge carrier density, a property of the material used
$t$ : height of the plate
$e$ : electron charge

Applications:

the direction of the effect proves that electric currents in common electrical conductors are made up of negative charged particles
measure magnetic fields, TODO vs other methods

Other more precise non-classical versions:

quantum Hall effect

Bibliography:

hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/Hall.html

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