nobel-prize.bigb

= Nobel Prize
{c}
{title2=1901-}
{wiki}

And the articles that really matter:
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_country
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation

<Web of Stories> contains amazing interviews with many (mostly <American>) winners.

See <Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman chapter Alfred Nobel's Other Mistake>'s amazing comments about the Nobel Prize.

TODO who is the digital switch person he mentions?
* https://www.quora.com/unanswered/Who-was-Richard-Feynman-referring-to-in-the-book-Surely-Youre-Joking-Mr-Feynman-chapter-Alfred-Nobels-Other-Mistake-when-he-talks-about-A-friend-of-mine-whos-a-rich-man-he-invented-some-kind-of-simple-digital-switch on <Quora>
* https://github.com/cirosantilli/cirosantilli.github.io/issues/72

= The Nobel Prize is bad
{c}
{parent=Nobel Prize}
{wiki}

Some views:
* https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/10/the-absurdity-of-the-nobel-prizes-in-science/541863/

= Nobel disease
{c}
{parent=The Nobel Prize is bad}
{wiki}

= Project to explain each Nobel Prize better
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{parent=Nobel Prize}

Understand and explain amazingly every single <Nobel Prize> in <physics>, <chemistry> and <biology>. Since in particular the <Nobel Foundation> is unable to do that for any at all, especially of the key old ones, e.g. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1965/summary/[]. Hopeless.

To be fair, those in theoretical physics at least basically come down to reading a bunch of books. But perhaps anything slightly more experimental could have 

= Nobel Foundation
{c}
{parent=Nobel Prize}
{wiki}

= List of Nobel Prizes
{c}
{parent=Nobel Prize}
{wiki=List_of_Nobel_laureates}

= Nobel Prize in Chemistry
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{parent=Nobel Prize}
{wiki=List_of_Nobel_laureates}

= List of Nobel Prizes in Chemistry
{c}
{parent=Nobel Prize in Chemistry}
{tag=List of Nobel Prizes}
{wiki=List_of_Nobel_laureates}

= 2023 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Chemistry}
{tag=Quantum dot}
{title2=Quantum dot}

= 2017 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Chemistry}
{tag=cryoEM}
{title2=cryoEM}

<Cryogenic electron microscopy>, which was developed in the 70's.

= Richard Henderson
{disambiguate=biologist}
{c}
{parent=2017 Nobel Prize in Chemistry}
{tag=Biologist}
{wiki}

= 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Chemistry}
{tag=Super-resolution microscopy}
{title2=Super-resolution microscopy}

For <super-resolution microscopy>.

This could have been a <Nobel Prize in Physics> as well!

= Stefan Hell
{c}
{parent=2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry}
{wiki}

= 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Chemistry}
{tag=Green fluorescent protein}
{title2=Green fluorescent protein}

For the discovery of <green fluorescent protein>.

= 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Chemistry}
{tag=Frederick Sanger}
{tag=Sanger method}
{tag=DNA sequencing}

= 1978 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Chemistry}
{title2=ATP synthesis in mitochondria}

To <Peter D. Mitchell> for the discovery of the mechanism of <ATP> synthesis in the <mitochondria>, a central part of <cellular respiration>.

= 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Chemistry}
{title2=Myoglobin structure with X-ray crystallography}

<Myoglobin structure resolution (1958)> by <X-ray crystallography>.

= 1958 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Chemistry}
{tag=Insulin}
{tag=Frederick Sanger}

= 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Chemistry}
{tag=Linus Pauling}
{tag=Chemical bond}

This was almost a two-in-one Nobel for a single dude: both for <chemical bond> theory and <secondary structure> theories such as the <alpha helix>! A beast.

Official page: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1954/summary

= 1952 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Chemistry}
{tag=Gas chromatography}
{title2=Gas chromatography}

<Gas chromatography>.

= 1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Chemistry}

= Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine
{c}
{parent=Nobel Prize}
{wiki=List_of_Nobel_laureates}

= List of Nobel Prizes in Physiology and Medicine
{c}
{parent=Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine}
{tag=List of Nobel Prizes}
{wiki=List_of_Nobel_laureates}

= 2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physiology and Medicine}
{title2=Human heat and pressure sensor proteins}

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2021/press-release/

It is quite amusing that the starting point to identifying the heat one was <capsaicin>, as it stimulates the exact same receptor!!!

= 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physiology and Medicine}
{tag=Grid cell}
{title2=Cells that represend Euclidian space}

= 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physiology and Medicine}
{title2=Induced pluripotent stem cell}

Discovery: <induced pluripotent stem cell>.

= 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physiology and Medicine}
{tag=Magnetic resonance imaging}
{title2=Magnetic resonance imaging}

= 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physiology and Medicine}
{tag=C. elegans cell lineage}
{tag=John Sulston}

= 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physiology and Medicine}
{tag=DNA double helix}
{tag=James Watson}
{tag=DNA double helix}

= Nobel Prize in Physics
{c}
{parent=Nobel Prize}
{wiki=List_of_Nobel_laureates}

= List of Nobel Prizes in Physics
{c}
{parent=Nobel Prize in Physics}
{tag=List of Nobel Prizes}
{wiki=List_of_Nobel_laureates}

= 2024 Nobel Prize in "Physics"
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physics}
{tag=Deep learning}

= The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics was not in Physics
{parent=2024 Nobel Prize in "Physics"}
{tag=AI boom}

This was the most obscene Nobel Prize of all time. They were completely swept away by the <AI boom>, and gave this ridiculous prize completely unrelated to Physics.

* https://x.com/cirosantilli/status/1843615145127489921

  <Nobel Foundation>:
  > Did you know that models for machine learning were based on equations from physics?
  <Ciro Santilli>:
  > Nice try but the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics still isn't about Physics.
* https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/214109/is-there-a-reason-why-the-nobel-prize-in-physics-2024-is-awarded-to-a-computer-s
* https://lamarr-institute.org/blog/thoughts-physics-nobel-prize-2024
* https://www.reddit.com/r/AskPhysics/comments/1fz27m5/nobel_prize_2024/ User ervexHublot comments
  > Nobel prize sponsored by <Nvidia>
* https://x.com/skdh/status/1843675220433088598

= 2023 Nobel Prize in Physics
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physics}
{tag=Laser}
{title2=attosecond laser pulses}

= Nobel Prize in Physics 2023
{synonym}

Official announcement: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2023/summary/

\Video[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZLF3okIJmw]
{title=<Nobel Prize in Physics 2023> explained by <#Parth G>}
{description=Quick intro. Notably missing is a clearer discussion of the applications.}

= 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physics}
{tag=Optical tweezers}

= 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physics}
{tag=Optical fiber}

This one took a while! Major developments were from the 70s! Perhaps it took the <Internet> revolution to make its importance clear.

= 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physics}
{tag=Giant magnetoresistance}

= 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physics}
{tag=Cosmic microwave background anisotropy}

= 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physics}
{title2=Fractional quantum Hall effect for $\nu = 1/m$}

For <Fractional quantum Hall effect for \nu = 1 m>.

= 1996 Nobel Prize in Physics
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physics}
{tag=Superfluid helium-3}

= 1987 Nobel Prize in Physics
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physics}
{tag=High-temperature superconductivity}

This was so <hot> (<no pun intended>) and <reproducible> that the prize was awarded one year after discovery. Quite rare in those days already.

= 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physics}
{tag=Cosmic microwave background}

= 1974 Nobel Prize in Physics
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physics}
{tag=Radio astronomy}

As described at <radio astronomy>{full}, this new type of <telescope> led to the exciting discovery of new types of <astronomical objects>, notably <pulsars> and <quasars>.

= 1973 Nobel Prize in Physics
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physics}
{tag=Josephson effect}

To <Brian Josephson> for the prediction of the <Josephson effect>.

= 1972 Nobel Prize in Physics
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physics}
{tag=BCS Theory}

= 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physics}
{tag=Quantum electrodynamics}
{title2=Feynman, Schwinger and Tomonaga}

= 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics laureate
{parent=1965 Nobel Prize in Physics}

= 1960 Nobel Prize in Physics
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physics}
{tag=Bubble chamber}

= 1955 Nobel Prize in Physics
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physics}
{tag=Willis Lamb}
{title2=QED experiments}
{title2=Lamb and Kusch}

The key initial <quantum electrodynamics> experiments:
* <Willis Lamb> for the <Lamb-Retherford experiment>
* <Polykarp Kusch> for the <anomalous magnetic dipole moment of the electron>, key publication: <The Magnetic Moment of the Electron by Kusch and Foley (1948)>

= 1952 Nobel Prize in Physics
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physics}
{tag=Nuclear magnetic resonance}
{title2=Nuclear magnetic resonance in solids}

= 1944 Nobel Prize in Physics
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physics}
{tag=Isidor Isaac Rabi}
{tag=Nuclear magnetic resonance}
{tag=Rabi's NMR experiment}
{title2=Nuclear magnetic resonance in molecular beam}

<Nuclear magnetic resonance> work:
* <Isidor Isaac Rabi>

= 1937 Nobel Prize in Physics
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physics}
{title2=electron diffraction}

Early <electron diffraction experiment> from 1927 that drastically confirmed the <matter wave> hypothesis.
* <Davisson-Germer experiment>
* <Diffraction of Cathode Rays by a Thin Film by Thomson and Reid (1927)>

= 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physics}
{title2=positron}
{title2=cosmic rays}

Discovery of:
* the <positron> by <Carl David Anderson>
* he <cosmic rays> by <Victor Francis Hess>

= 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physics}
{title2=cyclotron}

To <Ernest Lawrence> for the <cyclotron>.

= 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physics}
{title2=cloud chamber}
{title2=Compton scattering}

* <cloud chamber>
* <Compton scattering>

= 1926 Nobel Prize in Physics
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physics}
{title2=Jean Perrin}
{title2=atomic theory}

<Atomic theory>.

= 1922 Nobel Prize in Physics
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physics}
{title2=photoelectric effect}

<Niels Bohr> for the <Bohr model>.

= 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physics}
{title2=photoelectric effect}

<Einstein> for the theoretical explanation of the <photoelectric effect> from 1905, notably published as <on a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light by Einstein (1905)>.

= 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physics}
{tag=1918 Nobel Prize in Physics}
{tag=Planck constant}
{title2=Planck constant}

= 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physics}
{tag=X-ray crystallography}

Jointly awarded to Bragg Junior and Senior. Junior was only 25 at the time, the youngest ever <STEM> nobel prize laureate as of 2024, and given that science is getting harder nad harder, this is not likely to change ever.

Part of what they did was to determine the structure of a bunch of rocks. These must have been every exciting times, to be able for the first time to have direct evidence of the molecular composition of materials.

= 1914 Nobel Prize in Physics
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physics}
{tag=Max von Laue}
{tag=X-ray diffraction}
{title2=X-ray diffraction}

Not only did this open the way for <X-ray crystallography>, it more fundamentally clarified the nature of <X-rays> as being <electromagnetic radiation>, and helped further establish the <atomic theory>.

= 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Physics}
{tag=Zeeman effect}
{title2=Zeeman effect}

<Pieter Zeeman> for the <Zeeman effect>.

= List of Nobel Prizes in Economics
{c}
{parent=Nobel Prize}
{wiki=List_of_Nobel_laureates}

= 2022 Nobel Prizes in Economics
{c}
{parent=List of Nobel Prizes in Economics}
{wiki=List_of_Nobel_laureates}