= Particle physics {wiki} Currently an informal name for the Chronological outline of the key theories: * * * Date: 1926 * Numerical predictions: * , excluding finer structure such as 2p up and down split: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-structure_constant * * Date: 1928 * Numerical predictions: * including 2p split, but excluding even finer structure such as * Qualitative predictions: * Antimatter * Spin as part of the equation * * Date: 1947 onwards * Numerical predictions: * * Qualitative predictions: * Antimatter * as part of the equation \Include[electromagnetism] \Include[relativity] \Include[standard-model] = Applications of particle physics {parent=Particle physics} There aren't any, it's [useless]: * * https://www.quora.com/What-if-any-are-the-widespread-applications-of-quantum-field-theory-today * https://www.quora.com/What-commercial-applications-in-high-energy-particle-physics-and-the-results-coming-out-of-the-LHC-do-we-expect-to-see-in-the-next-5-10-years \Include[quantum-mechanics]{parent=particle-physics} = Experimental particle physics {parent=Particle physics} {wiki} = Cross section {disambiguate=physics} {parent=Experimental particle physics} {wiki} https://cms.cern/news/what-do-we-mean-cross-section-particle-physics The example is crucial: you just can't give the cross section of a target alone, the of the incoming beam also matters. = Barn {disambiguate=unit} {parent=Cross section (physics)} {wiki} = Particle detector {parent=Experimental particle physics} {wiki} = Cloud chamber {parent=Particle detector} {title2} {wiki} \Video[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=400xfGmSlqQ] {title=How to make a by (2011)} = Bubble chamber {parent=Particle detector} {wiki} = Particle accelerator {parent=Experimental particle physics} {wiki} = Particle accelerator facility {parent=Particle accelerator} = CERN {c} {parent=Particle accelerator facility} {wiki} = CERN experiment {c} {parent=CERN} = Large Hadron Collider {c} {parent=CERN experiment} {title2=LHC} {wiki} = Superconducting Super Collider {c} {parent=Particle accelerator facility} {wiki} Good article: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-supercollider-that-never-was/ = Synchrotron {parent=Particle accelerator} {wiki} Most important application: produce for . Note however that the big experiments at , like the , are also synchrotrons. List of facilities: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_synchrotron_radiation_facilities = Cyclotron {parent=Synchrotron} {wiki} Predecessor to the . = Landau quantization {c} {parent=Cyclotron} {wiki} = Landau level {c} {parent=Landau quantization} = Nuclear physics {parent=Particle physics} {wiki} Nuclear physics is basically just the study of the complex outcomes of + . = Atomic nucleus {parent=Nuclear physics} {wiki} = Nucleus {synonym} = Nucleon {parent=Atomic nucleus} {wiki} A or a . = Nuclear force {parent=Atomic nucleus} {wiki} Side effect of the that in addition to binding individual and as units, also binds different protons and neutrons to one another. = Radioactive decay {parent=Nuclear physics} {wiki} = Radioactivity {synonym} = Radioactive {synonym} finds it interesting that radioactive decay basically kickstarted the domain of by essentially providing a natural from a chunk of radioactive element. The discovery process was particularly interesting, including 's luck while observing , and 's observation that the were more radioactive than pure uranium, and must therefore contain other even more radioactive substances, which lead to the discovery of ( 138 days) and (half-life 1600 years). = Type of radioactive decay {parent=Radioactive decay} {wiki} = Alpha decay {parent=Type of radioactive decay} {wiki} Most of the in the Earth's atmosphere comes from alpha decay, since helium is lighter than air and naturally escapes out out of the atmosphere. Wiki mentions that alpha decay is well modelled as a event, see also . As a result of that law, alpha particles have relatively little energy variation around 5 MeV or a speed of about 5% of the for any element, because the energy is inversely exponentially proportional to . This is because: * if the energy is much larger, decay is very fast and we don't have time to study the * if the energy is much smaller, decay is very rare and we don't have enough events to observe at all \Video[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_f8zeEI0oys] {title= and the Paradox by (2022)} {description= * https://youtu.be/_f8zeEI0oys?t=796 George Gamow and Edward Condon proposed the explanation * https://youtu.be/_f8zeEI0oys?t=1725 worked out example that predicts the of based on its emission energy } = Cluster decay {parent=Alpha decay} {wiki} = Spontaneous fission {parent=Alpha decay} {wiki} = Alpha particle {parent=Alpha decay} {wiki} = Geiger-Nuttall law {c} {parent=Alpha particle} {wiki=Geiger–Nuttall_law} = Beta decay {parent=Type of radioactive decay} {wiki} emits them, you can see their mass to charge ratio under magnetic field and so deduce that they are . Caused by TODO why/how. The emitted electron kinetic energy is random from zero to a maximum value. The rest goes into a . This is how the neutrino was first discovered/observed indirectly. This is well illustrated in a such as . = Gamma ray {parent=Type of radioactive decay} {wiki} Most commonly known as a byproduct . A such as illustrates well how gamma radiation happens as a byproduct of due to the existence of . Gamma rays are pretty cool as they give us insight into the energy levels/different configurations of the nucleus. They have also been used as early sources of high energy particles for experiments before the development of , serving a similar purpose to in those early days. But they were more convenient in some cases because you could more easily manage them inside a rather than have to go climb some bloody mountain or a . The for example was first observed on , but better confirmed in experiments by . = Nuclear isomer {parent=Gamma ray} {wiki} = Decay chain {parent=Radioactive decay} {wiki} = Decay scheme {parent=Radioactive decay} {wiki} Example: = Half-life {parent=Radioactive decay} {wiki} The of , which as discovered a few years before was discovered and matured, was a major mystery. Why do some nuclei fission in apparently random fashion, while others don't? How is the state of different nuclei different from one another? This is mentioned in Chapter 6.e Why a half-life? The term also sees use in other areas, notably , where e.g. spontaneously decay as part of the 's , see e.g. mentions in . = Isotope {parent=Nuclear physics} {wiki} = Nuclear fission {parent=Nuclear physics} {wiki} = Neutron temperature {parent=Nuclear fission} {wiki} https://www.radioactivity.eu.com/site/pages/Slow_Neutrons.htm = Fast neutron {parent=Neutron temperature} {wiki} = Slow neutron {parent=Neutron temperature} {wiki} = Fissile material {parent=Nuclear fission} {wiki} = Nuclear chain reaction {parent=Nuclear fission} {wiki} = Nuclear reactor {parent=Nuclear chain reaction} {wiki} Some of the most notable ones: * 1942: {child}: the first human-made . * 1943: {child}: an intermediate step between the prototype and the full blown mass production at . Located in the . * {child} produced the used for and . = Nuclear magnetic moment {parent=Nuclear physics} {wiki} = Nuclear spin {synonym} {title2} http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Nuclear/nspin.html TODO can you do with alpha particles? = Nuclear magnetic resonance {parent=Nuclear magnetic moment} {tag=Tomography} {wiki} = NMR {c} {synonym} {title2} once visited the chemistry department of an university, and the chemists were obsessed with . They had small benchtop NMR machines. They had larger machines. They had a room full of huge machines. They had them in corridors and on desk tops. Chemists really love that stuff. More precisely, these are used for . Basically measures the concentration of certain isotopes in a region of space. \Video[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-vSNPW1NO0] {title=Introduction to NMR by Allery Chemistry} {description= * only works with an odd number of * apply strong , this separates the energy of up and down spins. Most spins align with field. * send into sample to make nucleons go to upper energy level. We can see that the energy difference is small since we are talking about radio waves, low frequency. * when nucleon goes back down, it re-emits radio waves, and we detect that. TODO: how do we not get that confused with the input wave, which is presumably at the same frequency? It appears to send pulses, and then wait for the response. } \Video[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=873nDYqyWok] {title=How to Prepare and Run a NMR Sample by University of Bath (2017)} {description=This is a more direct howto, cool to see. Uses a 300. They have a robotic arm add-on. Shows spectrum on computer screen at the end. Shame no molecule identification after that!} \Video[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uNM801B9Y84] {title=Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance by Royal Society Of Chemistry (2008)} {description=Says clearly that NMR is the most important way to identify . * https://youtu.be/uNM801B9Y84?t=41 lists some of the most common targets, including and * https://youtu.be/uNM801B9Y84?t=124 example * https://youtu.be/uNM801B9Y84?t=251 they use solvents where all is replaced by to not affect results. Genius. * https://youtu.be/uNM801B9Y84?t=354 usually they do 16 pulses } \Video[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7aRKAXD4dAg] {title=Introductory & : Video 01 by Magritek (2009)} {description= and . Precession has a natural frequency for any angle of the wheel.} \Video[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jUKdVBpCLHM] {title=Introductory & : Video 02 by Magritek (2009)} {description=The influence of on spin statistics. At 300K, the number of up and down spins are very similar. As you reduce temperature, we get more and more on lower energy state.} \Video[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GjLvu1hOAAA] {title=Introductory & : Video 03 by Magritek (2009)} {description=The influence of on spin statistics. At 300K, the number of up and down spins are very similar. As you reduce temperature, we get more and more on lower energy state.} = Larmor precession {c} {parent=Nuclear magnetic resonance} {wiki} The equation is simple: frequency is proportional to field strength! = Larmor frequency {c} {parent=Larmor precession} = Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy {c} {parent=Nuclear magnetic resonance} {wiki} = NMR spectroscopy {c} {synonym} {title2} Used to identify . Seems to be based on the effects that electrons around the nuclei (shielding electrons) have on the outcome of . So it is a bit unklike where you are interested in the position of certain nuclei in space (of course, these being atoms, you can't see their positions in space). \Video[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sn3dNMv-67k] {title=What's Nuclear Magnetic Resonance by (2020)} {description=Good 3D animatinos showing the structure of the NMR machine. We understand that it is very bulky largely due to the system. It then talks a bit about by talking about , i.e. this is , but it is a bit too much to follow closely. Basically the electron configuration alters the nuclear response somehow, and allows identifying functional groups.} = Magnetic resonance imaging {c} {parent=Nuclear magnetic resonance} {wiki} = MRI {c} {synonym} {title2} Using to image inside peoples bodies! \Video[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nFkBhUYynUw] {title=How does an MRI machine work? by Science Museum (2019)} {description=The best one can do in 3 minutes perhaps.} \Video[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TQegSF4ZiIQ] {title=How MRI Works Part 1 by thePIRL (2018)} {description= * https://youtu.be/TQegSF4ZiIQ?t=326 the magnet is normally always on for the entire lifetime of the equipment! * https://youtu.be/TQegSF4ZiIQ?t=465 usage of (only ) means that it is very safe to use. The only dangerous part is the magnetic field interacting with metallic objects. } \Video[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BsH4HEnhu4A] {title=What happens behind the scenes of an MRI scan? by Strange Parts (2023)} \Video[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3nIXRPuFK5U] {title=Dr Mansfield's MRI MEDICAL MARVEL by } {description=Broadcast in 1978. Description: \Q[Tomorrow's World gave audiences a true world first as Dr Peter Mansfield of the University of Nottingham demonstrated the first full body prototype device for (MRI), allowing us to see inside the human body without the use of .] Featuring the yet-to-be <2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine> Dr. Mansfield. } = NMR vendor {c} {parent=Nuclear magnetic resonance} {wiki} = Bruker Corporation {c} {parent=NMR vendor} {wiki} \Include[nuclear-weapon]{parent=nuclear-physics} = History of particle physics {parent=Particle physics} {tag=History of physics} * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_particle_physics * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_subatomic_physics = The Harvest of a Century by Siegmund Brandt (2008) {c} {parent=History of particle physics} This is a good book, it gives a summary of biographies, and a reasonable description of the main ideas, with many illustrations. Each subject is not presented in incredible detail, but it is a good overview of events. = Inward Bound by Abraham Pais (1988) {c} {parent=History of particle physics} {tag=Book by Abraham Pais} Free borrow on the : https://archive.org/details/inwardboundofmat0000pais/page/88/mode/2up The book unfortunately does not cover the history of very, the author specifically says that this will not be covered, the focus is more on particles/forces. But there are still some mentions. = Particle physics bibliography {parent=Particle physics} Some light YouTube channels, good for the first view, but which don't go into enough detail to truly show the subject's beauty: = PBS Space Time {c} {parent=Particle physics bibliography} {tag=PBS channel} https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g Always a bit too much on the superficial side, but sometimes OK, 5-10 minute videos. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_O%27Dowd_(astrophysicist) = 2011 PHYS 485 lecture videos by Roger Moore from the University of Alberta {parent=Particle physics bibliography} These feel good. Targeted at upper , so he says he holds back on some stuff, but gives a good level of detail for people who have a life. = Particle physics YouTube channel {parent=Particle physics bibliography} {tag=Physics YouTube channel} https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLSrKSt8xhLVrc0ptX1OYr3OWoOvrxBOvz = Andrew Dotson YouTube channel {c} {parent=Particle physics YouTube channel} https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnFmWQbVW_YbqPQZGNuq8sA Too many fun skit videos for 's taste, but does have some serious derivations in . = Andrew Dotson {c} {parent=Andrew Dotson YouTube channel} = Dietterich Labs {c} {parent=Particle physics YouTube channel} = Samuel Dietterich {c} {synonym} {title2} https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCd02pSRrecAVFOPjB-bfv-Q Covers some specific hardcore subjects, notably , in full detail, e.g.: "Quantum Field Theory Lecture Series" playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLSpklniGdSfSsk7BSZjONcfhRGKNa2uou As of 2020 Dietterich was a candidate or post-doc at the University of Minnesota Twin Cities, and he lives in , sources: * https://web.archive.org/web/20220112060801/https://cse.umn.edu/physics/graduate-students * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fs9O1PZDtag * https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Samuel-Dietterich-2 Unfortunately the channel is too obsessed with mathematical detail (which it does amazingly), and does not give enough examples/application/intuition, which is what would be useful to most people, thus falling too much on the hardcore side of . This channel does have on merit however: compared to other university courses, it is much more direct, which might mean that you get to something interesting before you got bored to death, {full} comes to mind. Videos generally involves short talks + a detailed read-through of a pre-prepared . Dietterich has refused however giving the PDF or source as of 2020 on comments unfortunately... what a [wasted opportunity] for society. TODO find the comment. Sam, if you ever Google yourself to this page, let's make a collab on and fucking change education forever man. Full name as shown in channel content: Samuel Dietterich. Other accounts: * https://twitter.com/samdietterich?lang=en * https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Samuel-Dietterich-2 \Video[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7v0vVFRkXWs] {title=The Ultimate Goal Of My YouTube Channel by (2020)} {description=In this video Dietterich gives his for the channel. Notably, he describes how the few experimental videos he has managed to make were done in a opportunistic way from experiments that were happening around him. This resonated with 's ideas from .} \Video[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JaODVprgf6w] {title=Sam Dietterich interview by Dietterich Labs (2022)} {description=TODO find patience to watch and summarize key points.} = Pretty Much Physics {c} {parent=Particle physics YouTube channel} https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVa8De6q6aOjtx_TEiDBaMw Almost always [too short superficial where it matters unfortunately], as usual. = ViaScience {c} {parent=Particle physics YouTube channel} https://www.youtube.com/c/viascience Those guys are really good, especially enjoyed their playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL193BC0532FE7B02C The one was a bit too slow paced for Ciro unfortunately, too much groundwork and too little results. Accompanying website with a tiny little bit of code: http://viascience.org/what.html TODO: authors and their affiliation. Videos licensed as , those guys are so good. = Physics Videos by Eugene Khutoryansky {c} {parent=Particle physics YouTube channel} https://www.youtube.com/user/EugeneKhutoryansky These videos can give some geometric insight and do have their value. But they are sometimes too slow, [there are never any mention of experiments, just "the truth"]. And when things get "", it sticks to a more qualitative view which may not be enough. Very over the top with demons and angels making appearances, and has some classic aesthetic artistic value :-) = Eugene Khutoryansky {c} {parent=Physics Videos by Eugene Khutoryansky} Eugene's background: https://www.quora.com/Who-is-Eugene-Khutoryansky/answer/Ciro-Santilli = Don Lincoln {c} {parent=Particle physics YouTube channel} {title2=particle physicist} {title2=YouTubber} {wiki} https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vIJTwYOZrGU&list=PLCfRa7MXBEsoJuAM8s6D8oKDPyBepBosS Publishes through the channel under the playlist "Fermilab - Videos by Don Lincoln" Some insights, but too much on the side of things.